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The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples of Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

In this study, the average level of aflatoxin M1 in various types of milk from 107 articles (297 studies with 16,274 milk samples) were meta-analyzed using random-effect model based on the milk varieties (animal species and heating processes), geographical regions, seasons, detection techniques and dairy farming subgroups. Studies on milk contamination with aflatoxin M1 in Iran were collected using universal and Persian databanks from January 1974 to the end of November 2021. The overall aflatoxin M1 mean concentration and prevalence in milk samples of Iran were 39.65 ng/l (95% CI: 36.00–43.30) and 80% (95% CI: 76–85%), respectively. The rank order of importance of various variables in mean levels of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples included milk type (animal species) > geographical regions > detection techniques > dairy farming types > milk types (heating processes) > seasons. Findings revealed that the overall content of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples of Iran was lower than that allowed by the European Union, Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, and the USA, possibly due to the milk monitoring by the Iranian regulatory systems.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Fasa University of Medical Sciences for supporting this study (IR.FUMS.REC.1402.008).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

    Neda Mollakhalili-Meybodi

  2. Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

    Neda Mollakhalili-Meybodi

  3. Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    Amene Nematollahi

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  1. Neda Mollakhalili-Meybodi
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All authors contributed to the study concept and design. All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as found in the “Instructions for Authors”. Search, selection, data extraction, and quality assessment and writing original draft: Neda Mollakhalili-Meybodi; Search, selection, data extraction, quality assessment, meta-analysis, and writing original draft: Amene Nematollahi. Both of authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Mollakhalili-Meybodi, N., Nematollahi, A. The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples of Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Monit Assess 195, 786 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11373-9

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