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Measuring tree diameter using a LiDAR-equipped smartphone: a comparison of smartphone- and caliper-based DBH

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Abstract

Tree diameter measurement is one of the most important stages of forest inventories to assess growing stock, aboveground biomass, and landscape restoration options, among others. This study investigates the accuracy of measuring tree diameters using a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)–equipped smartphone vs. a normal caliper (reference data) and the opportunity to use low-cost smartphone-based applications in forest inventories. To estimate the diameter at breast height (DBH) of single trees, we used a smartphone with a third-party app that automatically analyzed three-dimensional (3D) point clouds. For two different measurement techniques, we compared the two measurement techniques based on DBH data from 55 Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) and 50 oriental plane (Platanus orientalis L.) trees using the paired-sample t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), percent bias (PBIAS), and coefficient of determination (R2) were used as precision and error statistics. Statistical differences were observed between the reference and smartphone-based DBH according to the paired-sample t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The R2 values obtained were determined as 0.91, 0.88, and 0.88 for Calabrian pine, oriental plane, and all tree species (105 trees), respectively. In addition to the overall accuracy performance of the comparison between reference and estimations, MAE, MSE, RMSE, and PBIAS values for the DBH of 105 tree stems were calculated as 1.56 cm, 5.42 cm, 2.33 cm, and − 5.10%, respectively. The estimation accuracies increased in regular stem forms compared with forked stems particularly observed on plane trees. Further experiments are needed to investigate the uncertainties associated with trees of different stem forms, species (coniferous or deciduous), different work environments, and different types of LiDAR and LiDAR-based app scanners.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that helped us improve the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forest Construction, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Faculty of Forestry, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey

    Sercan Gülci

  2. Department of Surveying and Cadastre, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Bahcekoy, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey

    Huseyin Yurtseven

  3. Department of Forest Construction and Transportation, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Bahcekoy, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey

    Anil Orhan Akay & Mustafa Akgul

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  1. Sercan Gülci
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Contributions

Sercan Gülci: investigation, conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft, writing—reviewing and editing. Huseyin Yurtseven: investigation, software, writing—reviewing and editing. Anil Orhan Akay: investigation, supervision, writing—reviewing and editing. Mustafa Akgul: investigation, supervision, methodology, software writing—reviewing and editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Anil Orhan Akay.

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Gülci, S., Yurtseven, H., Akay, A.O. et al. Measuring tree diameter using a LiDAR-equipped smartphone: a comparison of smartphone- and caliper-based DBH. Environ Monit Assess 195, 678 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11366-8

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