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Evaluating the fate and potential health risks of organochlorine pesticides and triclosan in soil, sediment, and water from Asa Dam River, Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria

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Abstract

The quest for safe water due to exponential population growth and climate change has stressed the existing available water source. It is crucial to establish the present pollution level of the Asa River and the health risk it may pose to the people. Samples were collected along the Asa River, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, and treated using standard methods as stipulated by United States Environmental Protection Agency. The treated samples were analyzed and quantified for dieldrin, endrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites, mirex, hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene, and triclosan using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The result showed that the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) ranged from 0.0045–0.947 μg/kg, 0.0036–0.093 μg/kg, and 0.001–0.007 μg/L in sediment, soil, and water samples, respectively. While the mean concentration of triclosan is 3.78 μg/kg, 2.995 μg/kg, and 0.064 μg/L in sediment, soil, and water samples, respectively. The levels of OCPs were lower than the limits in drinking water as set by World Health Organization and European Union. Health risk assessment for both children and adults was evaluated using non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk with the hazard quotient (HQ) and was found to be greater than unity (> 1) in children for the targeted OCPs. Associated cancer risk for OCPs ranged from low cancer risk to moderate risk for humans. The adverse ecological effects of OCPs showed to be very rare to occur and frequent effects may not likely occur except for HCH.

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Data availability

All data related to this article and used during the study appear in the submitted article and are available upon request from the authors (adeyinkagbadebo78.ga@gmail.com, fafolabs@gmail.com, and BFemi@mut.ac.za).

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Acknowledgements

We thank the management of Osun State Polytechnic Iree and the Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, South Africa, for their support. Our appreciation also goes to the Technologists in the analytical laboratory of Osun State Polytechnic Iree for their support during the sample preparations of data for this research.

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  1. Environmental Pollution and Remediation Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, 4031, South Africa

    Gbadebo Clement Adeyinka & Babatunde Femi Bakare

  2. Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Nigeria

    Fatai Afolabi

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All authors contributed to the conceptualization and design of the study. Methodology, G.C.Adeyinka, F. Afolabi, and B.F.Bakare.; software, G.C.Adeyinka.; writing—original draft, G.C.Adeyinka and F Afolabi; writing—review, B.F.Bakare. All authors reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Adeyinka, G.C., Afolabi, F. & Bakare, B.F. Evaluating the fate and potential health risks of organochlorine pesticides and triclosan in soil, sediment, and water from Asa Dam River, Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess 195, 189 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10783-5

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