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Occurrence and removal of drugs and endocrine disruptors in water supply systems in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais State, Brazil)

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Abstract

This study evaluates both the occurrence and removal of 24 compounds, including drugs and endocrine disruptors, in 8 water treatment plants (WTP) located in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais State, Brazil). The compounds 4-nonylphenol, 4-octylphenol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, 17β-estradiol, acyclovir, bisphenol A, bezafibrate, caffeine, dexamethasone, diclofenac sodium, diltiazem, estrone, estriol, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, linezolid, loratadine, losartan, metformin, naproxen, paracetamol, promethazine, propranolol and sulfamethoxazole were monitored at 3 sampling points (raw water, filtered water, treated water) over 10 or 12 collection campaigns for each WTP. The results showed that bisphenol A occurred at higher concentrations during the dry period with a maximum concentration of 3257.1 ng L−1, while the compounds 4-nonylphenol and losartan exhibited higher concentrations in the rainy period with maximum concentrations of 8577.2 ng L−1 and 705.8 ng L−1, respectively. Regarding the removal of compounds in the monitored WTPs, the clarification step demonstrated better removals for 4-nonylphenol, bisphenol-A, paracetamol, and sulfamethoxazole, whereas the disinfection step mainly removed the compounds 4-octylphenol and estrone. Margin of exposure (ME) assessment results indicated that only dexamethasone, ethinyl estradiol, diclofenac, estradiol, and estrone were classified as imminent risk or alert considering the 95th percentile concentration found in the samples of treated water.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the following Brazilian agencies or institutions for their support: Fundação Nacional da Saúde (FUNASA), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), and Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP).

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.

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  1. Environmental Engineering Graduation Program, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-00, Brazil

    Mariana C. P. Alves, Ananda L. Sanson, Amanda V. Quaresma, Robson J. C. F. Afonso & Sérgio F. Aquino

  2. Pharmarcy School, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-00, Brazil

    Amanda V. Quaresma & Mylena G. Freitas

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  1. Mariana C. P. Alves
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Contributions

Mariana C. P. Alves: methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing and editing; Ananda L. Sanson: methodology, validation, writing and editing; Amanda V. Quaresma: writing, review and editing; Mylena G. Freitas: formal analysis, writing and editing; Robson J. C. F. Afonso: review and editing, supervision; Sérgio F. Aquino: review and editing, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition.

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Alves, M.C.P., Sanson, A.L., Quaresma, A.V. et al. Occurrence and removal of drugs and endocrine disruptors in water supply systems in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais State, Brazil). Environ Monit Assess 194, 473 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10130-8

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