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Source, degree and potential health risk of metal(loid)s contamination on the water and soil in the Söke Basin, Western Anatolia, Turkey

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Abstract

Water and soil quality are the two most important parameters for sustainable agriculture and regional development in the basin. This study focused on the causes of soil and water contamination and the potential impact of drinking water on community health. Reasons for metal(loid)s enrichment in the water and soil in the Söke Basin were examined by considering anthropogenic and geogenic inputs. Four rock samples in the drainage network, 28 soil samples, and 29 water samples in the Söke Plain were collected. All samples were analyzed for metal(loid)s by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of water on human health were calculated mathematically. Potential ecological risk index (PERI), enrichment factor (EF), and ecological risk (ER) were calculated for the soil samples. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization was applied to the soil data set. Cr, Ni, and Cd contamination in soils was associated with anthropogenic inputs, while arsenic contamination was related to both anthropogenic and geogenic inputs. As, B, Ba, Pb, and Sb contamination was found in some drinking water. As contamination has been clearly found to be caused by natural geological processes in and around Lake Azap. It was determined that metal(loid)s enrichment occurred in drinking water due to the mixing of geothermal waters affected by seawater intrusion with surface and groundwater. Contamination inputs were geogenic, but their negative impacts appearing in surface water and drinking water occurred due to human influence.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Code availability

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Abbreviations

AD:

Anno Domini

BCE:

Before the common era

BMR:

Büyük Menderes River

BV:

Background value

CDI:

Chronic daily intake

CSQG:

Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Environmental and Human Health

EF:

Enrichment factor

ER:

Ecological risk

ESRI:

Environmental System Research Institute

EU:

European Union

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation

HQ:

Hazard quotient

ICP-MS:

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer

IDW:

Inverse distance weighting

MEF:

Ministry of the Environment of Finland

Myr:

Million years

MTA:

General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey

NTP:

National Toxicology Program

PCA:

Principal component analysis

PERI:

Potential ecological risk index

ppm:

Parts per million

RfD:

Oral reference dose

TS:

Turkish Standards

UN:

United Nations

USEPA IRIS:

United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Integrated Risk Information System

USEPA:

United States Environmental Protection Agency

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Funding

The authors acknowledge the financial support of Dokuz Eylül University Research Fund (2017.KB.FEN.014).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35390, Izmir, Turkey

    Anıl Küçüksümbül, Ali Toygar Akar & Gültekin Tarcan

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  1. Anıl Küçüksümbül
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  2. Ali Toygar Akar
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  3. Gültekin Tarcan
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Contributions

Anıl Küçüksümbül conceived the research, collected soil and water samples, interpreted the principal component analysis, and wrote the article. Ali Toygar Akar contributed to the using GIS and its outputs. Gültekin Tarcan made contributions to the research and revised the manuscript critically. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Anıl Küçüksümbül.

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Küçüksümbül, A., Akar, A.T. & Tarcan, G. Source, degree and potential health risk of metal(loid)s contamination on the water and soil in the Söke Basin, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 194, 6 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09670-2

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