Abstract
There is a close relationship between human health and the quality of the ration used by domestic animals. Also, molds, like genus of Aspergillus, infect animal and human food products with dangerous toxic substances, i.e., aflatoxins that are causing primary and secondary mycotoxicosis in animals and human. The aim of this study was to compare fungal species that contaminated and produced aflatoxin in livestock and poultry feed in Gonabad that is a semi-arid city in northeast of Iran. Sampling was randomly performed three times from two livestock feed mills and two poultry feed mills during summer and autumn. Samples were cultured in two forms of solid and suspension in Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol medium (SC) for 5 days in 28 °C. Microscopic diagnostic test and also molecular diagnostic test were used to determine fungal species in culture based on β-tubulin gene sequencing. A total of 27.25% and 31.7% of two livestock feed and two poultry feed samples were contaminated with Aspergillus, respectively. Aspergillus flavus (n = 4), Aspergillus Fumigatus (n = 2), Aspergillus versicolor (n = 2), Aspergillus niger (n = 2), Aspergillus parasiticus (n = 1), Aspergillus ochraceus (n = 1), and Aspergillus terreus (n = 1) were detected by molecular PCR test. The rate of contamination to genus of Aspergillus in autumn was higher than summer (P value = 0.008). Poultry feed sample showed more contamination to Aspergillus species compared with livestock feed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agriopoulou, S., Stamatelopoulou, E., & Varzakas, T. (2020). Advances in occurrence, importance, and mycotoxin control strategies: Prevention and detoxification in foods. Foods, 9(2), 137.
Akinmusire, O. O., El-Yuguda, A.-D., Musa, J. A., Oyedele, O. A., Sulyok, M., Somorin, Y. M., et al. (2019). Mycotoxins in poultry feed and feed ingredients in Nigeria. Mycotoxin Research, 35(2), 149–155.
Aliyu, R., Abubakar, M., Yakubu, Y., Kasarawa, A., Lawal, N., Bello, M., et al. (2016). Prevalence of potential toxigenic Aspergillus species isolated from poultry feeds in Sokoto metropolis. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 14(1), 39–44.
Baxi, S. N., Portnoy, J. M., Larenas-Linnemann, D., Phipatanakul, W., Barnes, C., Baxi, S., et al. (2016). Exposure and health effects of fungi on humans. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 4(3), 396–404.
Eskola, M., Kos, G., Elliott, C. T., Hajšlová, J., Mayar, S., & Krska, R. (2020). Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited ‘FAO estimate’of 25%. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60(16), 2773–2789.
Faparusi, F., & Alagamba, E. (2018). High Presence of Toxigenic Aspergillus spp. in Commercial Poultry Feeds in Ilaro, Nigeria. Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control, 5(4), 128–133.
Ghaemmaghami, S. S., & Nowroozi, H. (2018). Toxigenic fungal contamination for assessment of poultry feeds: Mashed vs. Pellet. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 12(5), 5–10.
Gumus, R., Ercan, N., & Imik, H. (2018). Determination of ochratoxin A levels in mixed feed and feed stuffs used in some laying hens and ruminant enterprises of Sivas City. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 20(1), 85–90.
Hyde, K. D., Xu, J., Rapior, S., Jeewon, R., Lumyong, S., Niego, A. G. T., et al. (2019). The amazing potential of fungi: 50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially. Fungal Diversity, 97(1), 1–136.
Lücking, R., Aime, M. C., Robbertse, B., Miller, A. N., Ariyawansa, H. A., Aoki, T., et al. (2020). Unambiguous identification of fungi: where do we stand and how accurate and precise is fungal DNA barcoding? IMA Fungus, 11(1), 1–32.
Marijani, E., Kigadye, E., & Okoth, S. (2019). Occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in fish feeds and their impact on fish health. International Journal of Microbiology.
Minooeian Haghighi, M., & Khosravi, A. (2013). Inhibition and destruction effects of Cuminum Cyminum, Ziziphora Clinopodioides and Nigella Sativa Essences on aspergillus cells. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences, 15(6), 25–35.
Nakavuma, J. L., Kirabo, A., Bogere, P., Nabulime, M. M., Kaaya, A. N., & Gnonlonfin, B. (2020). Awareness of mycotoxins and occurrence of aflatoxins in poultry feeds and feed ingredients in selected regions of Uganda. International Journal of Food Contamination, 7, 1–10.
Osibona, A., Ogunyebi, O., & Samuel, T. (2018). Storage fungi and mycotoxins associated with stored smoked Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 22(5), 643–646.
Peng, W.-X., Marchal, J., & Van der Poel, A. (2018). Strategies to prevent and reduce mycotoxins for compound feed manufacturing. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 237, 129–153.
Pleadin, J., Frece, J., & Markov, K. (2019). Mycotoxins in food and feed. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 89, 297–345.
Santos Pereira, C., & CunhaS., & Fernandes, J. O. , C. (2019). Prevalent mycotoxins in animal feed: occurrence and analytical methods. Toxins, 11(5), 290.
Sevindik, M. (2018). Effects of fungi on animals. Journal of Morphology and Anatomy, 2(1).
Shahi, M., Mousavi, S. A., Nabili, M., Aliyali, M., Khodavaisy, S., & Badali, H. (2015). Aspergillus colonization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Current Medical Mycology, 1(3), 45.
Sheidaei, S., Hamidi, A., Sadeghi, H., Oskouei, B., & Zare, I. (2019). Impact of storage fungi on soybean seed deterioration in different storage conditions and seed moisture content. [Research]. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 6(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.29252/yujs.6.1.65
Tao, F., Yao, H., Hruska, Z., Burger, L. W., Rajasekaran, K., & Bhatnagar, D. (2018). Recent development of optical methods in rapid and non-destructive detection of aflatoxin and fungal contamination in agricultural products. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 100, 65–81.
Ukwuru, M., Ohaegbu, C., & Muritala, A. (2017). An overview of mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, 1(101), 1–11.
Wróblewska, M., Sulik-Tyszka, B., Figiel, W., Niewiński, G., & Zieniewicz, K. (2019). Invasive Aspergillosis in Transplant Recipients. IntechOpen.
Yilma, S., Sadessa, K., & Kebede, D. (2019). Fungal infections and aflatoxin contamination in maize grains collected from west showa and east wallega zones, ethiopia. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 11(21), 16.
Zulkifli, N. A., & Zakaria, L. (2017). Morphological and molecular diversity of Aspergillus from corn grain used as livestock feed. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 24(1), 26–34.
Acknowledgements
Honored and thanked by all the staff, experts and respected representatives of the mycology Laboratory of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
M. H supervised the research and analyzed and interpreted the data. A. M performed sample collection and routine laboratory examinations. M.T analyzed data and prepared first draft. In addition, M.H, M.T, and A.M edited the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Financial disclosure
The authors declare no financial interests related to the materials of the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Minooeianhaghighi, M., Marvi Moghadam Shahri, A. & Taghavi, M. Investigation of feedstuff contaminated with aflatoxigenic fungi species in the semi-arid region in northeast of Iran. Environ Monit Assess 193, 214 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08990-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08990-7