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Determination of total and lung-deposited particle surface area concentrations, in central Athens, Greece

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Abstract

Numerous health studies have linked the exposure to particulate matter with adverse health effects, while there is an increasing scientific interest in the particle metrics of surface area (SA) and lung-deposited SA (LDSA) concentration. In the present study, two integrated SA estimation methods, both based on widely used instrumentation, were applied at an urban traffic environment in Athens for a 6-month period. The first estimation method used the size distribution by number to estimate SA (average SA1 669.3 ± 229.0 μm2 cm−3), while the second method used a simple inversion scheme that incorporates number and mass concentrations (average SA2 1627.9 ± 562.8 μm2 cm−3). In pairwise comparisons, SA2 levels were found two times greater than the corresponding SA1, but exhibited a strong correlation (r = 0.73). SA1 and SA2 concentrations correlated well with the traffic-related pollutants NOx (r = 0.64 and 0.78) and equivalent black carbon (r = 0.53 and 0.51). The diurnal variation of SA1 concentrations by size range indicated traffic as a major controlling factor. Estimated LDSA (53.9 μm2 cm−3 on average) concentrations were also clearly affected by anthropogenic emissions with more pronounced associations in the 0.01–0.4 μm range (r = 0.66 with NOx and r = 0.65 with equivalent black carbon). Validating estimated LDSA through simultaneous measurements with a reference instrument revealed that the estimation method underestimates LDSA by a factor between 2 and 3, exhibiting, however, a high correlation (r = 0.79). Overall, the performance of estimation methods appear satisfactory and indicate that a trustworthy assessment of the temporal variability of SA and LDSA concentration metrics can be provided in real time, on the basis of relatively lower-cost instrumentation, especially in view of recent advances in particle sensing technologies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780, Zografos, Athens, Greece

    Stavros Cheristanidis & Archontoula Chaloulakou

  2. Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236, Athens, Greece

    Georgios Grivas

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  1. Stavros Cheristanidis
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Appendix: Glossary Abbreviation

Appendix: Glossary Abbreviation

Al:

alveolar deposition efficiency

BET SA:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area

CMD:

count median diameter

CPC:

condensation particle counter

eBC:

equivalent black carbon

GSD:

geometric standard deviation

ICRP:

international radiation protection committee

LDSA:

lung-deposited surface area

NSAM:

nanoparticle surface area monitor

OPS:

optical particle sizer

PM:

particulate matter

SA:

surface area concentration

SA1:

surface area concentration based on particle number size distribution

SA1-ICRP:

LDSA concentrations calculated by SA1 based on ICRPs’ function

SA2:

surface area concentration based on Maynard algorithm

SMPS:

scanning mobility particle sizer

Tb:

tracheo-bronchial deposition efficiency

UFP:

ultrafine particles

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Cheristanidis, S., Grivas, G. & Chaloulakou, A. Determination of total and lung-deposited particle surface area concentrations, in central Athens, Greece. Environ Monit Assess 192, 627 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08569-8

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