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Diaporthe gulyae colonizes seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) systematically through leaf, petiole and stem infection

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Abstract

Diaporthe gulyae, first identified as causing stem lesions and mid-stem lodging on sunflower in Australia, is a highly virulent pathogen now also reported on sunflower in Argentina, Canada, China and North America. This report details the first observations of sunflower leaf infection by D. gulyae in the field and confirms a leaf-to-stem infection pathway by glasshouse experiments. Further, capitula tissues and seed were also infected by D. gulyae following stem infection, demonstrating that hyphae associated with stem lesions can colonize upwards into the capitulum under favourable conditions. Leaf and stem lesion symptoms caused by D. gulyae are very similar to those caused by D. helianthi, the cause of Phomopsis stem canker (PSC) of sunflower in China, Europe, North and South America and Russia. Leaf colonization followed by stem infection is also the recognized infection pathway of D. helianthi and the almost identical symptoms and signs caused by D. gulyae and D. helianthi on sunflower highlight the difficulties of differentiating these species in the field. Additionally, seedlings that emerged from infected seeds with pericarp halves attached were shown to be a viable source of D. gulyae inoculum, which may contribute to further spread both locally and internationally. The name Diaporthe Stem Canker (DSC) is attributed here to the disease caused by D. gulyae to enable distinction from PSC caused by D. helianthi.

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Data availability

DNA sequences for the type Diaporthe gulyae isolate are deposited in Genbank (Mycobank number MB561569). Other data are included in this published article.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the United States Sunflower Pathology Working Group (SPWG), of which authors SM Thompson and TJ Gulya are members, for funding the publication of this work through their grant from the United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, North Central IPM Centre.

Funding

This study was funded by the Australian Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) and the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (QDAF). Investigations were undertaken in the QDAF Plant Pathology laboratory and glasshouse in Toowoomba as part of GRDC project DAQ186 and the University of Queensland (UQ) PhD candidature of SM Brumpton Thompson.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4066, Australia

    Susan M. Thompson & Elizabeth A. B. Aitken

  2. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia

    Susan M. Thompson & Stephen M. Neate

  3. School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia

    Stephen M. Neate

  4. Sunflower Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA

    Thomas J. Gulya

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Key components of the results presented in this manuscript are also reported in the PhD thesis of Susan Thompson (Brumpton Thompson, 2020). The conception and design of all experiments, sample collection, laboratory and glasshouse experiments, data collection and analysis were undertaken by Susan Thompson. Insight into the biology of a similar pathogen and advice on experimental techniques was given by Thomas Gulya. Stephen Neate and Elizabeth Aitken were PhD supervisors of Susan Thompson and provided scientific advice, guidance and support. The first draft of this manuscript was written in full by Susan Thompson, all authors commented on or edited subsequent versions and approved the final version.

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Thompson, S.M., Neate, S.M., Gulya, T.J. et al. Diaporthe gulyae colonizes seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) systematically through leaf, petiole and stem infection. Eur J Plant Pathol 167, 41–58 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-023-02683-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-023-02683-2

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