Abstract
Downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola is the most destructive disease of grapevines. However, the mechanisms of damage caused by P. viticola to photosynthesis in Vitis labrusca remain unknown. Our aim was to quantify the effects of downy mildew on leaf gas exchange in V. labrusca, estimating virtual lesions (regions surrounding lesions where photosynthesis is null) and evaluating limitations imposed on photosynthesis. Grapevine plants cv. Niagara Rosada were inoculated with varying sporangia concentrations of P. viticola to obtain a range of disease severities. Leaf gas exchange and photochemical activity were measured in both diseased and healthy leaves and the eq. Y = (1 - x)β was used to correlate photosynthetic variables (Y) and disease severity (x), with β representing the ratio between virtual and visual lesions. Our results revealed a β-value of 2.79, indicating moderate virtual lesions. Photosynthetic rates decreased by about 83% in leaves with 50% of downy mildew severity and there were significant impairments in the maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate, maximum rate of electron transport driving regeneration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, effective quantum efficiency of photosystem II and mesophyll conductance, even in plants showing less than 10% of downy mildew severity. In conclusion, our results not only reveal how P. viticola affects photosynthesis in V. labrusca, but also give insights into how crop modelling would be improved by taking into account virtual lesions and photosynthetic damage. Such key information is needed for simulation models that quantitatively integrate the interaction between disease and crop growth.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 2013/24003-9 and 2017/02432-6) for the financial support and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil) for the scholarships awarded to AFNJ and FCCM and fellowships to RVR and LA. The authors also thank Silvia A. Lourenço for technical assistance.
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Figure S1
Maximum (Tmax) and minimal (Tmin) temperatures (°C) and rainfall (mm) recorded during the field experiment (22°42′34.0”S 47°37′37.2”W) in 2015. The duration of grapevine cv. Niagara Rosada development stages is represented by black triangles. (JPG 1338 kb)
Figure S2
Net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (B), intercellular CO2 concentration (C) and transpiration (D) in leaves of Vitis labrusca cv. Niagara Rosada as affected by downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) severity. The black and white circles and the black triangles represent data from experiments one, two, and three under controlled conditions, respectively. White triangles represent data from the field experiment. (JPG 2359 kb)
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Nogueira Júnior, A.F., Ribeiro, R.V., Marcos, F.C.C. et al. Virtual lesions and photosynthetic damage caused by Plasmopara viticola in Vitis labrusca. Eur J Plant Pathol 155, 545–555 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01791-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01791-2