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Infection criteria, inoculum sources and splash dispersal pattern of Colletotrichum acutatum causing bitter rot of apple in New Zealand

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Abstract

Infection of Malus x domestica cv. Royal Gala fruit by Colletotrichum acutatum causing bitter rot was studied in the temperate climate of New Zealand. Temperatures above 15 °C were required for lesions to develop on detached apple wound-inoculated or inoculated without wounding with C. acutatum spores, regardless of maturity. A wetness period of 72 h was required for infection of mature detached apple fruit without wounding. On wound-inoculated detached apple fruits, sporulation was related to temperature and followed a similar pattern. In the field, a mean temperature above 15 °C for 72 h after wound-inoculation was required for lesions to develop. Buds were a more important source of inoculum than twigs, and it was shown that C. acutatum could be isolated more frequently from outer bud scales than from inner scales. Asymptomatic infection of vegetative and reproductive buds was detected. C. acutatum was detected on asymptomic surface-sterilised petals and fruit, more commonly during summer than spring. Symptomless sterilised leaves generally yielded C. acutatum throughout the season, but isolations were more frequent in summer. Recovery of inoculum using a splash meter to detect vertical dispersal showed that in summer inoculum was primarily splashed up from the ground. In spring, inoculum was recovered in similar quantities from all heights up to a metre, suggesting that splash dispersal occurs from the canopy as well as from the ground. A disease cycle for C. acutatum infecting apples and causing bitter rot in New Zealand is suggested.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the MAF Sustainable Farming Fund, Nelson Group 8, the Waikato Fruitgrowers’ Association, Sunfruit Orchards, Pipfruit New Zealand and the Foundation for Research Science and Technology Contract No. C06X0810. Many thanks to Dr. Mike Butcher, Technical Manager of Pipfruit New Zealand during this study, for his support, and to Dr. Robert Beresford for alerting us to the work of Dr. Michael Shaw on splash dispersal, and for helpful comments.

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  1. Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Mt Albert, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    K. R. Everett, I. P. S. Pushparajah & O. E. Timudo

  2. Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3230, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand

    A. Ah Chee, T. M. Spiers, J. T. Taylor & P. N. Wood

  3. Havelock North Research Centre, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North, New Zealand

    R. W. A. Scheper

  4. Riwaka Research Centre, PO Box 220, Motueka, New Zealand

    P. W. Shaw & D. R. Wallis

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Everett, K.R., Pushparajah, I.P.S., Timudo, O.E. et al. Infection criteria, inoculum sources and splash dispersal pattern of Colletotrichum acutatum causing bitter rot of apple in New Zealand. Eur J Plant Pathol 152, 367–383 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-1481-0

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