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Sensitivity of Monilinia fructicola from Spanish peach orchards to thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, and cyproconazole: fitness analysis and competitiveness

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Abstract

Benzimidazoles, dicarboximides and demethylation inhibitors are the main group of fungicides used to control brown rot in Spain. The causal agents of brown rot in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) orchards in Spain are Monilinia laxa M. fructigena, and M. fructicola. The dynamics of fungicide sensitivity and fitness of M. fructicola population, the most recent species causing brown rot in the Ebro Valley (Lleida, Spain), were characterized by determining their resistance, fitness, and in vitro competitiveness to thiophanate-methyl (TM), iprodione (I), and cyproconazole (CPZ) in field isolates recovered over the 2006–2010 period. We found that: (a) more than 95 % of the M. fructicola isolates are high TM-resistant, (b) more than 50 % of the M. fructicola isolates are I-resistant and these frequencies of occurrence did not change during our 5-year survey, and (c) a few CPZ-resistant isolates have been also detected in population since 2008. We identified five different fungicide-resistant (R) and/or fungicide-sensitive (S) phenotypes and found that our study population contains multiple fungicide-resistant isolates. Moreover, these fungicide-resistant isolates display high parasitic fitness on fruit and flowers and high competitiveness. These findings suggest that the TM, I, and CPZ resistance of M. fructicola isolates could be contributing as another factor on changing the frequency of occurrence of the three Monilinia species in the Ebro Valley.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grants RTA2005-00077-CO2, AGL2008-4396-CO2, and AGL2011-30472-CO2 from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Spain). B. Egüen received a scholarship from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness. We thank R. Castillo and M.T. Morales-Clemente for their technical support, and the growers for their support and collaboration. The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Arieh Bomzon, ConsulWrite (www.consulwrite.com) for his editorial assistance in preparing this manuscript.

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  1. Department of Plant Protection, INIA, Carretera de La Coruña km 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Beatriz Egüen, Paloma Melgarejo & Antonieta De Cal

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  1. Beatriz Egüen
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  2. Paloma Melgarejo
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  3. Antonieta De Cal
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Correspondence to Antonieta De Cal.

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Egüen, B., Melgarejo, P. & De Cal, A. Sensitivity of Monilinia fructicola from Spanish peach orchards to thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, and cyproconazole: fitness analysis and competitiveness. Eur J Plant Pathol 141, 789–801 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-014-0579-2

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