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Investigation of source and infiltration of toxic metals in indoor PM2.5 using Pb isotopes during a season of high pollution in an urban area

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Abstract

Lead (Pb) isotope ratio has been applied in source investigation for particulate matter in size < 2.5 μm. However, arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) are carcinogenic to human and their isotope analysis is difficult. This study investigated whether the Pb isotope ratio was a useful indicator in identifying the sources of As and Cd indoors and investigating its influencing factors. This study also calculated the infiltration factor (Finf) for metals to assess the influences of indoor- and outdoor-generated metals to indoor air. The As and Cd concentrations in indoor air were 0.87 ± 0.69 and 0.19 ± 0.15 ng/m3, respectively; the corresponding values for outdoor air were 1.44 ± 0.80 and 0.33 ± 0.19 ng/m3. The Finf of As and Cd were 0.60 ± 0.37 and 0.58 ± 0.39, and outdoor was a predominant contributor to indoor As and Cd. The Pb isotopes ratio indicated that traffic-related emission was a major contributor to Pb. The Pb concentration was associated with those of As and Cd in indoor or outdoor air, as was the 208Pb/207Pb ratio in outdoor air. Significant correlations between indoor 208Pb/207Pb values and As and Cd concentrations in indoor air were found only in study houses with air change rate > 1.5 h−1. These findings suggested that traffic-related emission was identified as a major source of As and Cr. The 208Pb/207Pb is a useful indicator in investigating the source of As and Cd; however, the air change rate influences the applicability of this approach on source identification.

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Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This study gratefully acknowledges the use of ICP000200 and ICP-MS of the machine equipment belonging to the Core Facility Center of National Tsinghua University and Research Fellow Charles C.-K. Chou of Academic Sinica, respectively. This study also gratefully acknowledges the Yang-Hsueh Chen, Yi-Tang Huang, and Kuan-Ting Lin for sampling or experimenting.

Funding

This study was supported by the Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 109-2221-E-039-016-MY2) and China Medical University (CMU111-MF-95) through grants.

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    Chien-Cheng Jung

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Jung, CC. Investigation of source and infiltration of toxic metals in indoor PM2.5 using Pb isotopes during a season of high pollution in an urban area. Environ Geochem Health 46, 7 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01801-7

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