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Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evolution of groundwater in shallow and deep aquifers of the Kabul Plain, Afghanistan

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Abstract

Groundwater from shallow and deep aquifers are widely used for drinking, agricultural and industrial use in Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan. However, unplanned urbanization and rapid population growth has led to the installation of numerous unlicensed wells to meet the public demand. This has caused to extraction of huge amounts of groundwater from the subsurface and further deterioration of groundwater quality. Therefore, understanding the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in shallow aquifers and deep aquifers is imperative for sustainable management of the groundwater resource in Kabul Plain. Thus, in this study, we used a multi-parameter approach, involving hydrochemical and environmental isotopes to understand the geochemical evolution of entire groundwater system of the Kabul Plain including river and dam water. The results of this study show that shallow and deep aquifers are dominantly of Mg–(Ca)–HCO3 and Na–Cl water type, respectively. We observed that (1) water–rock interaction is the major contributing factor to the chemical compositions of groundwater in the Kabul Plain; (2) groundwater in deep aquifer is mainly influenced by silicate weathering, and dissolution of evaporitic and carbonate minerals and reverse cation exchange; (3) dissolution of carbonates and silicate weathering plays a pivotal role in the groundwater chemistry of shallow aquifer; (4) the stable isotopes of groundwater display that the shallow aquifer is principally recharged by river water and local precipitation; (5) the tritium analysis exhibited that groundwater of shallow aquifer was primarily recharged recently, whereas groundwater of deep aquifer is the mixture of pre 1953 with post 1953 groundwater. This study revealed that there are hydraulic interactions between the two aquifers and the deep aquifer is recharged through shallow aquifer. The findings of this study would be useful for Afghanistan’s water authorities to develop an effective strategy for sustainable water resources management in the Kabul Basin.

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The datasets employed and analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Energy and Water of Afghanistan for access to geochemical and isotopic data of the Kabul Plain. The authors are also grateful to three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and constructive suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, Faculty of Geology and Mines, Kabul Polytechnic University, District 5, Kabul, Afghanistan

    Abdulhalim Zaryab & Mohammad Zia Jamal

  2. Highland Groundwater Research Group, Kabul, Afghanistan

    Abdulhalim Zaryab

  3. Department of Hydrogeology, Ministry of Energy and Water, Kabul, Afghanistan

    Asadullah Farahmand

  4. Department of Minerals and Groundwater Resources, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin Ave, Tehran, Iran

    Hamid Reza Nassery & Farshad Alijani

  5. Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India

    Shakir Ali

  6. Department of Earth Sciences, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India

    Shakir Ali

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material precipitation, data collection, and analysis were performed by AZ, AF, HRN, FA, SA, and MZJ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AZ, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Final review and editing were made by AF, HRN, FA, SA, and MZJ. Data providing was arranged by AZ. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Zaryab, A., Farahmand, A., Nassery, H.R. et al. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evolution of groundwater in shallow and deep aquifers of the Kabul Plain, Afghanistan. Environ Geochem Health 45, 8503–8522 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01734-1

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