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The importance and status of the micronutrient selenium in South Africa: a review

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Abstract

Selenium (Se) is a vital micronutrient with widespread biological action but leads to toxicity when taken in excessive amounts. The biological benefits of Se are mainly derived from its presence in active sites of selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx). An enzyme whose role is to protect tissues against oxidative stress by catalysing the reduction of peroxidase responsible for various forms of cellular damage. The benefits of Se can be harvested when proper regulations of its intake are used. In South Africa, Se distribution in people's diets and animals are low with socio-economic factors and heterogeneous spread of Se in soil throughout the country playing a significant role. The possible causes of low Se in soils may be influenced by underlying geological material, climatic conditions, and anthropogenic activities. Sedimentary rock formations show higher Se concentrations compared to igneous and metamorphic rock formations. Higher Se concentrations in soils dominates in humid and sub-humid areas of South Africa. Furthermore, atmospheric acid deposition dramatically influences the availability of Se to plants. The studies reviewed in this article have shown that atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is the most utilised analytical technique for total Se concentration determination in environmental samples and there is a lack of speciation data for Se concentrations. Shortcomings in Se studies have been identified, and the future research directions of Se in South Africa have been discussed.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA), University of Johannesburg (UJ.), National Research Foundation (NRF) grant number 108508, and the University of Pretoria Paraclinical Science department.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA) and the National Research Foundation (NRF) Grant Number 108508.

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  1. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa

    Nwabisa Takata & Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo

  2. National Metrology Institute of South Africa, CSIR Campus, Building 5, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0182, South Africa

    Nwabisa Takata & Angelique Botha

  3. Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa

    Jan Myburgh

  4. Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)/National Research Foundation (NRF) South African Research Chair (SARChI): Nanotechnology for Water, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa

    Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo

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Takata, N., Myburgh, J., Botha, A. et al. The importance and status of the micronutrient selenium in South Africa: a review. Environ Geochem Health 44, 3703–3723 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01126-3

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