Abstract
This study evaluates single and joint endocrine disruptor toxicities of thyroid hormone, levothyroxine, and amiodarone in the embryo-larval stages of Danio rerio. Single toxicity experiments were carried out in concentrations based on the environmental concentration and increasing concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 times the environmental concentration. Joint toxicity experiments evaluated the combined effects of these compounds. Toxic effects were examined during zebrafish embryonic development, and the parameters analyzed were apical sublethal, teratogenicity, mortality endpoints, and morphometry. Thyroid hormone exhibited the highest toxicity. However, the results showed that the environmental concentrations for all 3 compounds had low risk in relation to the parameters studied, such as teratogenic effects and morphometry. The larvae were more affected than embryos, where embryos needed higher concentrations in all experiments, possibly due to the absence of the chorion. The same type of effects were observed in the joint toxicity test, except that a possible antagonistic effect was detected. However, high concentrations showed stronger effects of these toxic compounds on fish development.
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The data and material used in this study are available from the corresponding author on request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. The authors also thank James Marrs at IUPUI to help in the preparation of the manuscript.
Funding
The authors would like to thank the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES to the scholarship to TPS and fellowship for PGC (PRInt #88887.364263/2019-00), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq for the scholarship to PES. Bastos and productivity grant to PGC (Grant 310401/2017-8), Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco – FACEPE (Grant APQ-0933-2.08/15) and Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação of UFRPE – PRPPG (Grant PRPPG 05/2018) for financial support.
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Conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, Investigation, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, visualization were performed by TPS. Investigation and data Curation also were performed by PEdSB. SMdMV, MCGdS, RMOP and ARdSM performed investigation. JFdS and ALCdA performed investigation and formal analysis. Co-supervision, project administration, writing—original draft, writing—review & editing were performed by MRSC. Conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, resources, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review, and editing, visualization, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition were performed by PGC. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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The protocols used in this study were approved by the Ethics Committee in the use of animals of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - Brazil, protocol number 091/2018.
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Santos, T.P., da Silva Bastos, P.E., da Silva, J.F. et al. Single and joint toxic effects of thyroid hormone, levothyroxine, and amiodarone on embryo-larval stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ecotoxicology 32, 525–535 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-023-02655-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-023-02655-6