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Allelopathic effects of Canada goldenrod leaf extracts on the seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce reinforced under salt stress

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Abstract

Allelopathic effects on the seed germination and seedling growth of the natives play a crucial role in the successful invasion of numerous invaders. Meanwhile, soil salinity is an emerging driver of the spread of many invaders, especially in the colonization of saline habitats. Thus, the allelopathic effects of the invaders on the seed germination and seedling growth of the natives may be altered or even reinforced under salt stress. This study aims to address the allelopathic effects of the notorious invader Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.; goldenrod hereafter) on the seed germination and seedling growth of the native lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.; lettuce hereafter) under a gradient of salt stress. Goldenrod leaf extracts with high concentration significantly decreased root length, leaf shape index, germination percentage, germination potential, germination index, germination vigor index, and germination rate index of lettuce. However, goldenrod leaf extracts with low concentration significantly increased root length and leaf width of lettuce. Goldenrod leaf extracts with high concentration display more serious allelopathic effects on the seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce than those with low concentration. Salt stress regardless of concentration significantly decreased seedling height, root length, leaf shape index, and seedling biomass (fresh weight) of lettuce. The combined goldenrod leaf extracts and salt stress have a synergistic effect on seedling height, root length, leaf shape index, germination percentage, germination potential, germination index, and germination rate index of lettuce. Thus, the allelopathic effects of the invaders on the seed germination and seedling growth of the natives may be reinforced under salt stress. Accordingly, salt stress may be beneficial to the further invasion of the invaders mainly via the reduced growth performance of the natives.

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Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to the anonymous reviewers for the insightful and constructive comments that greatly improved this manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by National Key Research & Development Program of China (2016YFC0502002), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31300343), and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security & School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, P. R. China

    Congyan Wang, Bingde Wu & Kun Jiang

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  1. Congyan Wang
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  2. Bingde Wu
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  3. Kun Jiang
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Correspondence to Congyan Wang.

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Wang, C., Wu, B. & Jiang, K. Allelopathic effects of Canada goldenrod leaf extracts on the seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce reinforced under salt stress. Ecotoxicology 28, 103–116 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-018-2004-7

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