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Toxicity on aquatic organisms exposed to secondary effluent disinfected with chlorine, peracetic acid, ozone and UV radiation

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Abstract

The toxic potential of four disinfectant agents (chlorine, ozone, peracetic acid and UV radiation), used in the disinfection of urban wastewater, was evaluated with respect to four aquatic organisms. Disinfection assays were carried out with wastewater from the city of Araraquara (São Paulo State, Brazil), and subsequently, toxicity bioassays were applied in order to verify possible adverse effects to the cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis), midge larvae Chironomus xanthus and fish (Danio rerio). Under the experimental conditions tested, all the disinfectants were capable of producing harmful effects on the test organisms, except for C. xanthus. The toxicity of the effluent to C. silvestrii was observed to increase significantly as a result of disinfection using 2.5 mg L−1 chlorine and 29.9 mg L−1 ozone. Ozonation and chlorination significantly affected the survival of D. similis and D. rerio, causing mortality of 60 to 100 % in comparison to the non-disinfected effluent. In experiments with effluent treated with peracetic acid (PAA) and UV radiation, a statistically significant decrease in survival was only detected for D. rerio. This investigation suggested that the study of the ideal concentrations of disinfectants is a research need for ecologically safe options for the treatment of wastewater.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Brazilian research support agency CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nivel Superior) for the doctoral scholarship given to the first author.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oceanography and Environmental Impacts Coordination Program, COIAM, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), SHIS Quadra 01, Conjunto B - Bloco A - Edifício Santos Dumont, Lago Sul, Brasília, DF, CEP 71605-160, Brazil

    Juliana Berninger da Costa

  2. Environmental Engineering Department, UNESP — Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP 12245-000, Brazil

    Suzelei Rodgher

  3. Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation of the São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, CP 292, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13560-970, Brazil

    Luiz Antonio Daniel

  4. Water Resources and Applied Ecology Center, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, CP 292, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13560-970, Brazil

    Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola

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  1. Juliana Berninger da Costa
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  2. Suzelei Rodgher
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da Costa, J.B., Rodgher, S., Daniel, L.A. et al. Toxicity on aquatic organisms exposed to secondary effluent disinfected with chlorine, peracetic acid, ozone and UV radiation. Ecotoxicology 23, 1803–1813 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1346-z

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