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Habitat use by fluvial Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) across life stages in northern mountain streams

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Abstract

Northern aquatic ecosystems face increasing pressures from climate change and natural resource development. The Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) is a widely distributed, northern freshwater fish which can be vulnerable to such pressures. There remains a paucity of information on life stage requirements through most of the species’ range to reliably map and manage habitat to protect populations into the future. We sought to characterize fluvial Arctic grayling distribution among mountain streams and determine habitat characteristics and habitat use across life stages. Sampling was conducted at 183 sites across the Little Nahanni River watershed to collect information on fish distribution and reach-scale habitat parameters. Arctic graylings were collected for biological analyses of age, size, weight, and reproductive development. Based on age and size classes, there were four distinct post-emergence life stages: YOY, juvenile, sub-adult, and adult. YOY Arctic graylings were found exclusively in low elevation (< 1000 m) streams, flat-water habitat dominated by silty-sand substrate with average water temperatures > 10 °C. Similarly, juvenile Arctic graylings occupied low elevation, warm water stream habitat, but associated strongly with run habitats. Sub-adult Arctic graylings, the most widely distributed life stage, were found associated with riffle, pool, and cascade-boulder habitats. Adults occupied high-elevation (> 1200 m) habitats that were cold (mean stream temperature = 7 °C) and had higher proportions of pool and boulder habitats. The dynamic nature of Arctic grayling habitat use in mountain streams highlights the need to consider habitat complexes at the watershed scale when defining species life stage requirements, managing habitats, monitoring populations, and assessing potential impacts.

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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Funding, equipment, and in-kind support for the field program were provided by Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Parks Canada. Natural Resources Canada Polar Continental Shelf funding covered the cost of helicopter time and fuel. Additional funding was provided by the Government of Northwest Territories Cumulative Impact Monitoring Program (CIMP), the W. Garfield Weston Fund, the University of Waterloo, and the University of Alberta. This research received ethics approval from the Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s Freshwater Institute Animal Care Committee under the animal use protocol number: FWI-ACC-2015-016. Field collections were carried out under the approved License to Fish for Scientific Purposes number S-15/16-3013-YK issued pursuant to Section 52 of the Fishery (General) Regulations in the Northwest Territories, and Parks Canada Agency Research and Collection Permit number NAH-2014-16517 issued pursuant to Sections 7(5) and 11(1) of the National Parks General Regulations and Section 15(1)(a) of the National Parks Wildlife Regulations. Field surveys were completed with the assistance of Nathan Medinski, Brianna Robinson, Melissa Carol, Ryan Boxem, Bonnie Deschene, Julian Sabourin, Julie Marentette, Mark D’Augair, and Marie Veillard. Otoliths were aged by AAE Tech Services Inc. in La Salle, MB. Water quality was analyzed by Maxxam Analytics in Yellowknife, NWT.

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  1. M. D. McPherson

    Present address: Environment, Western Canada, AECOM, 18817 Stony Plain Rd NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T5S0C2, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Renewable Resources, 751 General Services Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H1, Canada

    M. D. McPherson, P. A. Cott & M. S. Poesch

  2. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada

    J. B. Lewis, L. F. Baker & H. K. Swanson

  3. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, X1A 2L9, Canada

    P. A. Cott

  4. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Cres., Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6, Canada

    N. J. Mochnacz

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McPherson, M.D., Lewis, J.B., Cott, P.A. et al. Habitat use by fluvial Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) across life stages in northern mountain streams. Environ Biol Fish 106, 1001–1020 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-023-01388-z

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