Abstract
Background
The literature on interaction between pregnancy and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is inconsistent, and there are no reports on this aspect from Asia. This study evaluated the impact both IBD and pregnancy have on each other in a large cohort of Indian patients.
Methods
In total, 514 females with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease (CD) aged between 18 and 45 years attending IBD clinic, at our institute, from July 2004 to July 2013 were screened, and patients with data on pregnancy status were included (n = 406). Pregnancies were categorized as either before, after or coinciding with disease onset. Long-term disease course was ascertained from prospectively maintained records. Pregnancy and fetal outcomes were recorded from antenatal records or individual interviews.
Results
Of 406 patients (UC: 336, CD: 70), 310 became pregnant (UC: 256, CD: 54), with a total of 597 pregnancies (UC: 524, CD: 73). More UC patients with pregnancies were in long-term remission than non-pregnant patients (56.7 vs. 43.4 %, p = 0.04). Long-term remission was less frequent in UC patients in whom pregnancy coincided with disease onset than patients with pregnancies before and after/pregnancy after the disease onset (41.4 vs. 62.5 %, p = 0.023). Pregnancies after the disease onset were associated with more cesarean sections and adverse fetal outcomes than pregnancies before disease onset in both UC and CD patients.
Conclusions
Long-term disease course in UC patients was better in pregnant as compared to non-pregnant patients. Among pregnant UC patients, disease course was worst when pregnancy coincided with disease onset. Pregnancy and fetal outcomes were worse in pregnancy after disease onset than pregnancy before disease onset.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Munkholm P. Crohn’s disease–occurrence, course and prognosis. An epidemiologic cohort-study. Dan Med Bull. 1997;44:287–302.
Heetun ZS, Byrnes C, Neary P, O’Morain C. Review article: reproduction in the patient with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:513–533.
Baiocco PJ, Korelitz BI. The influence of inflammatory bowel disease and its treatment on pregnancy and fetal outcome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1984;6:211–2164.
Khosla R, Willoughby CP, Jewell DP. Crohn’s disease and pregnancy. Gut. 1984;25:52–56.
Beniada A, Benoist G, Maurel J, Dreyfus M. Inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy: report of 76 cases and review of the literature. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod. 2005;34:581–585.
Mahadevan U, Sandborn WJ, Li DK, Hakimian S, Kane S, Corley DA. Pregnancy outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease: a large community-based study from Northern California. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:1106–1112.
Nørgård B, Hundborg HH, Jacobsen BA, Nielsen GL, Fonager K. Disease activity in pregnant women with Crohn’s disease and birth outcomes: a regional Danish cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1947–1954.
Morales M, Berney T, Jenny A, Morel P, Extermann P. Crohn’s disease as a risk factor for the outcome of pregnancy. Hepatogastroenterology. 2000;47:1595–1599.
Nguyen GC, Beuudreau H, Harris ML, Maxwell CV. Outcomes of obstetric hospitalizations among women with inflammatory bowel disease in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:329–334.
Lin HC, Chiu CC, Chen SF, Lou HY, Chiu WT, Chen YH. Ulcerative colitis and pregnancy outcomes in an Asian population. Am J Gastroenterol.. 2010;105:387–394.
Tandon R, Ahuja V. Inflammatory bowel disease. Delhi: Macmillan Medical Communications; 2014:187–199.
Ahuja V, Tandon RK. Inflammatory bowel disease: the Indian augury. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2012;31:294–296.
Pedersen N, Bortoli A, Duricova D, et al. European Crohn-Colitis Organisation-ECCO-Study Group of Epidemiology Committee-EpiCom. The course of inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy and postpartum: a prospective European ECCO-EpiCom Study of 209 pregnant women. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38:501–512.
Agret F, Cosnes J, Hassani Z, et al. Impact of pregnancy on the clinical activity of Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:509–513.
Van Assche G, Dignass A, Panes J, et al. The second European evidence-based Consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease: definitions and diagnosis. J Crohns Colitis. 2010;4:7–27.
Stange EF, Travis SP, Vermeire S, et al. European evidence-based Consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis: definitions and diagnosis. J Crohns Colitis. 2008;2:1–23.
Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF. The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications. Gut. 2006;55:749–753.
Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, Spong CY, eds. (2010) 1. Overview of obstetrics. Williams Obstetrics (23 ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical.
Stillbirths. World Health Organization. Retrieved 2016.09.29.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Definition of term pregnancy. Committee Opinion No. 579. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122:1139–1140.
Ahuja V, Tandon R. Inflammatory bowel disease in Asia pacific area—a comparison with developed countries and regional difference. J Digest Dis. 2010;11:134–147.
Ng SW, Mahadevan U. Management of inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2013;9:161–174.
Riis L, Vind I, Politi P, et al. Does pregnancy change the disease course? A study in a European cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1539–1545.
Nwokolo CU, Tan WC, Andrews HA, Allan RN. Surgical resections in parous patients with distal ileal and colonic Crohn’s disease. Gut. 1994;35:220–223.
Castiglione F, Pignata S, Morace F, et al. Effect of pregnancy on the clinical course of a cohort of women with inflammatory bowel disease. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1996;28:199–204.
Bush MC, Patel S, Lapinski RH, Stone JL. Perinatal outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004;15:237–241.
Kane S, Kisiel J, Shih L, Hanauer S. HLA disparity determines disease activity through pregnancy in women with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:1523–1526.
Stephansson O, Larsson H, Pedersen L, et al. Congenital abnormalities and other birth outcomes in children born to women with ulcerative colitis in Denmark and Sweden. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17:795–801.
Gould SR, Brash AR, Conolly ME, Lennard-Jones JE. Studies of prostaglandins and sulphasalazine in ulcerative colitis. Prostaglandins Med. 1981;6:165–182.
Mantyh PW, Mantyh CR, Gates T, Vigna SR, Maggio JE. Receptor binding sites for substance P and substance K in the canine gastrointestinal tract and their possible role in inflammatory bowel disease. Neuroscience. 1988;25:817–837.
Cornish J, Tan E, Teare J, et al. A meta-analysis on the influence of inflammatory bowel disease on pregnancy. Gut. 2007;56:830–837.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
None.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Padhan, R.K., Kedia, S., Garg, S.K. et al. Long-Term Disease Course and Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Indian Cohort Study. Dig Dis Sci 62, 2054–2062 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-016-4353-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-016-4353-5