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Genetic diversity of Horvath’s Rock Lizard meets current environmental restrictions

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Abstract

The Horvath’s rock lizard Iberolacerta horvathi (Méhely, 1904) is an understudied lacertid species, which is geographically isolated from its congeners and currently classified as Near Threatened under IUCN red listing criteria. Due to its limited distribution and narrow environmental preferences, we expect that the species had been affected by past climatic oscillations. By combining all available data on species occurrences and our own records, we produced an updated distribution map. We used ecological niche models to identify the current environmental factors underlying the species range and developed a habitat suitability map. We sequenced one mitochondrial and one nuclear marker to characterize the distribution of the genetic variability and infer the historical demography of the species. The habitat suitability map identified areas where targeted field searches should be prioritized, as well as unsuitable habitats coinciding with likely barriers to gene flow. We found considerable genetic variability suggesting that the species probably survived the Pleistocene glaciations in at least two main refugia, one in the South and the other in the central/northern portion of its distribution. While southern populations show a moderate demographic decrease starting at the onset of the Eemian interglacial, the northern populations underwent an expansion during Late Pleistocene. We provide a revised species distribution and a first characterization of its genetic variability across its distribution to guide conservation priorities for this endemic and spatially restricted species.

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Data availability

All molecular data are available on public database GenBank, with accession numbers: MN096384–MN096546.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all friends and colleagues who helped us in the field during the collection campaigns and to the curators and collection managers that provided access to the collection material under their care: Nicola Bressi and Andrea Dall’Asta from Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste (Italy), Roberto Sindaco from Museo civico di storia naturale Carmagnola (Italy), Irena Grbac from the Croatian Natural History Museum (Zagreb, Croatia), Boris Kryštufek, Al Vrezec and Urška Kačar from the Natural History Museum Ljubljana (Slovenia), Heinz Grillitsch, Silke Schweiger and Georg Gassner from Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Austria), Wolfgang Böhme from Zoologische Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn (Germany). We are very grateful to Gianluca Rassati, Dušan Jelić and Ali Šalamun for sharing distribution data, and to Tiziano Florenza.

Funding

Anamarija Žagar received support from the SYNTHESYS Project http://www.synthesys.info/, funded by the European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 "Capacities" Program (AT-TAF-3324). Portuguese National Funds through FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) supported the IF/00209/2014 and 2020.00823.CEECIND contracts to Angelica Crottini, the postdoctoral fellowship to Michael J. Jowers (SFRH/BPD/109148/2015), the doctoral fellowships of Walter Cocca (SFRH/BD/102495/2014) and Anamarija Žagar (SFRH/BD/81324/2011) and a Principal Researcher contract to Neftalí Sillero (CEECIND/02213/2017). During data collection and article preparation Anamarija Žagar received financial support from the national program “Women in science” from L’Oreal and Slovenian national commission for UNESCO and the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding No. P1-0255). Miha Krofel was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (grant P4-0059). This work was supported by FCT with the IF/00209/2014/CP1256/CT0011 Exploratory Research Project.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Walter Cocca and Anamarija Žagar have contributed equally to the development of this study and the preparation of the manuscript.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, No. 7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal

    Walter Cocca, Anamarija Žagar, Michael J. Jowers, Miguel A. Carretero & Angelica Crottini

  2. NIB National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Anamarija Žagar

  3. CICGE: Centro de Investigação em Ciências Geo-Espaciais, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Alameda do Monte da Virgem, 4430-146, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal

    Neftalí Sillero

  4. Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 83, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Miha Krofel

  5. Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000, Koper, Slovenia

    Martina Lužnik

  6. Croatian Natural History Museum, Demetrova 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia

    Martina Podnar

  7. Natura, Society of Nature Protection, Alagovićeva 21, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia

    Nikola Tvrtković

  8. Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, R. Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal

    Miguel A. Carretero & Angelica Crottini

Authors
  1. Walter Cocca
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  2. Anamarija Žagar
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  3. Neftalí Sillero
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  4. Michael J. Jowers
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  5. Miha Krofel
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  6. Martina Lužnik
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  7. Martina Podnar
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  8. Nikola Tvrtković
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Contributions

WC and AŽ have contributed equally to the development of this study and the preparation of the manuscript. AŽ, MK, ML, MP, NT, MAC and AC contributed to distributional data and tissue collection. WC, AŽ, NS, MJJ and AC contributed to the data generation and data analyses. AŽ, MAC and AC conceived and designed the study. WC, AŽ and AC wrote the manuscript and all authors contributed to the writing and revision.

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Correspondence to Walter Cocca.

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Supplementary file1: File containing all Online Resources (from 1 to 9) (DOCX 1046 kb)

Supplementary file2: Picture high resolution of Online Resource 2 (PNG 94 kb)

Supplementary file3: Picture high resolution of Online Resource 3 (PDF 2398 kb)

Supplementary file4: Input and output files for Barrier analysis, Online Resources 7 (TXT 4 kb)

Supplementary file5: Input and output files for Barrier analysis, Online Resources 7 (TXT 1 kb)

Supplementary file6: Input and output files for Barrier analysis, Online Resources 7 (TXT 5 kb)

Supplementary file7: Input and output files for Barrier analysis, Online Resources 7 (DVB 13 kb)

Supplementary file8: Input and output files for Barrier analysis, Online Resources 7 (DVT 9 kb)

Supplementary file9: Picture high resolution of Online Resource 8 (TIF 66470 kb)

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Cocca, W., Žagar, A., Sillero, N. et al. Genetic diversity of Horvath’s Rock Lizard meets current environmental restrictions. Conserv Genet 22, 483–498 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01351-4

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