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Incorporating historical and ecological genetic data for leopard grouper (Mycteroperca rosacea) into marine reserve design in the Gulf of California

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Abstract

Effective design of marine reserves for use in fisheries management and conservation requires a clear understanding of patterns of larval transport and sink-source dynamics between populations, as well as a clear understanding of population demography. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers were analyzed to investigate potential mechanisms impacting connectivity among and the demographic history of subpopulations of a commercially important species in the Gulf of California, the leopard grouper (Mycteroperca rosacea). Demographic history and connectivity analyses included a coalescent analysis, estimating neutrality indices, estimating global and pairwise F’ST, ΦST, or G’’ST, and a priori methodologies to identify genetically distinct units and barriers to dispersal. Average, long-term connectivity between geographic regions in the Gulf was also estimated. Divergence of mitochondrial lineages of leopard grouper dated to the late Pleistocene, with deep-water islands serving as demographically stable populations that may have acted as sources for new populations during periods of climate variability. Additionally, we observed genetically distinct units of leopard grouper in the Gulf, particularly between peninsular and mainland sites, as well as asymmetrical migration between the northern and central Gulf. Observed patterns of genetic differentiation are likely attributed to complex asymmetrical oceanographic currents and local larval retention. Based on our genetic findings and current fishing pressure in certain regions, we recommend implementing small, upstream no-take zones in the areas east of Isla Ángel de la Guarda, around Isla San Lorenzo and Isla San Esteban, and north of Isla Tiburón, that would enhance connectivity among subpopulations, preserve sites with high genetic diversity, and benefit fisheries downstream of these sites.

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Acknowledgments

Sample collection and lab work was funded by National Geographic (Grant #8928-11), The David and Lucile Foundation (Grant #2008-32210), a UC-HBCU Initiative Grant, a Mia J. Tegner memorial research Grant, Ecology Project International, CenTread, the Dr. Earl H. Myers and Ethel M. Myers Oceanographic and Marine Biology Trust, FCT (SFRH/BPD/26901/2006) and the Friends of Long Marine Lab. We would like to acknowledge Peggy Turk Boyer, Caroline Downton, Jorge Torre, Tad Pfister, Rene Loiaza, Ivan Martinez, Angeles Cruz, Mario Rojo, Kimberly Tenggardjaja, Eva Salas, Gary Longo, Emmett Ziegler and Ana Liedke for their logistical assistance and assistance with acquiring samples. Scientific collection permits were acquired from SAGARPA (No. DGOPA.09151.260809.2885 and DAPA/2/020511/01197). This is a scientific contribution to the PANGAS project (Pesca Artesanal del Norte Golfo de California—Ambiente y Sociedad).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA

    Alexis M. Jackson, Ricardo Beldade & Giacomo Bernardi

  2. PANGAS Science Coordination, Comunidad y Biodiversidad A.C., Isla del Peruano 215, Lomas de Miramar, 85448, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico

    Adrian Munguía-Vega

  3. Conservation Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Resources & The Environment, University of Arizona, 1311 E 4th St, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA

    Adrian Munguía-Vega

  4. USR 3278 CRIOBE, CNRS EPHE, CBETM de l’Université de Perpignan, 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France

    Ricardo Beldade

  5. Centro de Oceanografia, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal

    Ricardo Beldade

  6. Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA

    Brad E. Erisman

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  1. Alexis M. Jackson
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Correspondence to Alexis M. Jackson.

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Jackson, A.M., Munguía-Vega, A., Beldade, R. et al. Incorporating historical and ecological genetic data for leopard grouper (Mycteroperca rosacea) into marine reserve design in the Gulf of California. Conserv Genet 16, 811–822 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-015-0702-8

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