Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Empathy, Self-control, Callous-Unemotionality, and Delinquency: Unique and Shared Developmental Antecedents

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Child Psychiatry & Human Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The current investigation tested childhood developmental antecedents of adolescent empathy, self-control, callous-unemotionality, and delinquency, namely difficult temperament, positive socialization experiences, and intelligence; it also tested potential mediation effects of temperament via socialization. Data were collected as part of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care and Youth Development Study, which followed N = 1364 children from birth through 15 years (51% female, 80% European American). Early positive socialization (maternal sensitivity, secure attachment, and quality home environment) and temperament variables were assessed from 1 to 36 months, intelligence at age 9, and self-control, empathy, callous-unemotionality, and delinquency at age 15. Based on structural equation modeling hypothesis tests, early positive socialization positively predicted self-control and empathy, and negatively predicted callous-unemotionality and delinquency. Intelligence uniquely and positively predicted empathy. Difficult infant temperament indirectly predicted each of the four traits through early positive socialization. Important research and practical implications are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Eysenck SB, Eysenck HJ (1978) Impulsiveness and venturesomeness: their position in a dimensional system of personality description. Psychol Rep 43:1247–1255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Miller PA, Eisenberg N (1988) The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychol Bull 10:324–344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Jolliffe D, Farrington DP (2004) Empathy and offending: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggress Violent Behav 9:441–476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ullrich S, Farrington DP, Coid JW (2008) Psychopathic personality traits and life-success. Pers Indiv Differ 44:1162–1171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Harpur TJ, Hare RD, Hakstian AR (1989) Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: construct validity and assessment implications. J Consult Clin Psychol 1:6–17

    Google Scholar 

  6. Cooke DJ, Michie C (2001) Refining the construct of psychopathy: towards a hierarchical model. Psychol Assess 13:171–188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hare RD (2003) Manual for the revised psychopathy checklist

  8. Salekin RT (2017) Research review: what do we know about psychopathic traits in children? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 58:1180–1200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sica C, Ciucci E, Baroncelli A, Frick PJ, Patrick CJ (2019) Not just for adults: using the triarchic model of psychopathy to inform developmental models of conduct problems in adolescence. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 49:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  10. Salekin RT, Neumann CS, Leistico AM, Zalot AA (2004) Psychopathy in youth and intelligence: an investigation of Cleckley’s hypothesis J. Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33:731–742

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Gottfredson MR, Hirschi T (1990) A general theory of crime. Stanford University Press, Stanford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  12. Craig RL, Gray NS, Snowden RJ (2013) Recalled parental bonding, current attachment, and the triarchic conceptualisation of psychopathy. Pers Indiv Differ 55:345–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Meldrum RC, Petkovsek MA, Boutwell BB, Young JT (2017) Reassessing the relationship between general intelligence and self-control in childhood. Intelligence 60:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Bowlby J (1944) Forty-four juvenile thieves: their characters and home-life. Int J Psychoanal 25:19–53

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bowlby J (1988) Developmental psychiatry comes of age. Am J Psychiatry 145:1–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nigg JT (2006) Temperament and developmental psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47:395–422

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Rothbart MK, Putnam SP (2002) Temperament and socialization. In: Pulkkinen L, Caspi A (eds) Paths to successful development: personality in the life course. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 19–45

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Walters GD (2015) Early childhood temperament, maternal monitoring, reactive criminal thinking, and the origin(s) of low self-control. J Crim Justice 43:369–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Bates JE, Pettit GS (2015) Temperament, parenting, and social development. In: Grusec JE, Hastings PD (eds) Handbook of socialization: theory and research. The Guilford Press, New York, pp 372–397

    Google Scholar 

  20. Viding E, McCrory EJ (2012) Genetic and neurocognitive contributions to the development of psychopathy. Dev Psychopathol 24:969–983

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Warrier V, Grasby KL, Uzefovsky F, Toro R, Smith P, Chakrabarti B et al (2018) Genome-wide meta-analysis of cognitive empathy: heritability, and correlates with sex, neuropsychiatric conditions and cognition. Mol Psychiatry 23:1402–1409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Larsson H, Tuvblad C, Rijsdijk F, Andershed H, Grann M, Lichtenstein P (2007) A common genetic factor explains the association between psychopathic personality and antisocial behaviour. Psychol Med 37:15–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bezdjian S, Raine A, Baker LA, Lynam DR (2011) Psychopathic personality in children: genetic and environmental contributions. Psychol Med 41:589–600

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Frick PJ (1998) Callous–unemotional traits and conduct problems: applying the two-factor model of psychopathy to children. In: Cooke DJ, Forth AE, Hare RD (eds) Psychopathy: theory, research and implications for society. Boston, Kluwer, pp 161–187

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. Lykken DT (1995) The antisocial personalities. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Hillsdale

    Google Scholar 

  26. Lynam DR (1996) Early identification of chronic offenders: who is the fledgling psychopath? Psychol Bull 120:209–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Thomas A, Chess S, Korn SJ (1982) The reality of difficult temperament. Merrill Palmer Q 28:1–20

    Google Scholar 

  28. Micalizzi L, Wang M, Saudino KJ (2017) Difficult temperament and negative parenting in early childhood: a genetically informed cross-lagged analysis. Dev Sci 20:e12355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Perez PR (2012) The etiology of psychopathy: a neuropsychological perspective. Aggress Violent Behav 17:519–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Rothbart MK, Michael IP, Kieras J (2006) Temperament, attention, and the development of self-regulation”. In: McCartney K, Phillips D (eds) Blackwell handbook of early childhood development. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, pp 338–357

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  31. Eisenberg N (2005) The development of empathy-related responding. Nebr Symp Motiv 51:73–118

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Guerin DW, Gottfried AW, Thomas CW (1997) Difficult temperament and behaviour problems: a longitudinal study from 1.5 to 12 years. Int J Behav Dev 21:71–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Caspi A, Henry B, McGee RO, Moffitt TE, Silva PA (1995) Temperamental origins of child and adolescent behavior problems: From age three to age fifteen. Child Dev 66:55–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Abulizi X, Pryor L, Michel G, Melchior M, Van Der Waerden J, EDEN Mother–Child Cohort Study Group (2017) Temperament in infancy and behavioral and emotional problems at age 5.5: the EDEN mother-child cohort. PLoS ONE 12:e0171971

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Frazier A, Ferreira PA, Gonzales JE (2019) Born this way? A review of neurobiological and environmental evidence for the etiology of psychopathy. Pers Neurosci 2:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hiatt KD, Newman JP (2006) Understanding psychopathy: the cognitive side. In: Patrick CJ (ed) Handbook of psychopathy. The Guilford Press, New York, pp 334–352

    Google Scholar 

  37. Vazsonyi AT, Javakhishvili M (2019) Infant socialization and the development of self-control: filling in the gap. In: Oleson JC, Costello BJ (eds) Fifty years of causes of delinquency: the criminology of Travis Hirschi. Routledge, New York, pp 239–256

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  38. Allen JP, Marsh P, McFarland C, McElhaney KB, Land DJ, Jodl KM, Peck S (2002) Attachment and autonomy as predictors of the development of social skills and delinquency during midadolescence. J Consult Clin Psychol 70:56–66

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Buck KA (2015) Understanding adolescent psychopathic traits from early risk and protective factors: relations among inhibitory control, maternal sensitivity, and attachment representation. J Adolesc 44:97–105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hirschi T (1969) Causes of delinquency. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  41. Vazsonyi AT, Joshua WR, Li H (2015) Why focusing on nurture made and still makes sense: the biosocial development of self-control. In: DeLisi M, Vaughn MG (eds) The Routledge international handbook of biosocial criminology. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, New York, pp 263–280

    Google Scholar 

  42. Barnett MA (1987) Empathy and related responses in children. In: Eisenberg N, Strayer J (eds) Empathy and its development. Cambridge University Pres, New York, pp 146–162

    Google Scholar 

  43. Stern JA, Cassidy J (2018) Empathy from infancy to adolescence: an attachment perspective on the development of individual differences. Dev Rev 47:1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Wagner NJ, Mills-Koonce WR, Willoughby MT, Zvara B, Cox MJ (2015) Parenting and children’s representations of family predict disruptive and callous-unemotional behaviors. Dev Psychol 51:935–948

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Mills-Koonce WR, Willoughby MT, Garrett-Peters P, Wagner N, Vernon-Feagans L (2016) The interplay among socioeconomic status, household chaos, and parenting in the prediction of child conduct problems and callous-unemotional behaviors. Dev Psychopathol 28:757–771

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Kohlhoff J, Mahmood D, Kimonis E, Hawes DJ, Morgan S, Egan R et al (2020) Callous-unemotional traits and disorganized attachment: links with disruptive behaviors in toddlers. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 51:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Pasalich DS, Dadds MR, Hawes DJ, Brennan J (2012) Attachment and callous-unemotional traits in children with early-onset conduct problems J. Child Psychol Psychiatry 53:838–845

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Feldman R (2007) Mother-infant synchrony and the development of moral orientation in childhood and adolescence: direct and indirect mechanisms of developmental continuity. Am J Orthopsychiatry 77:582–597

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Pettit GS, Lollis S (1997) Reciprocity and bidirectionality in parent-child relationships: new approaches to the study of enduring issues. J Soc Pers Relat 14:435–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Hoglund WL, Jones SM, Brown JL, Aber JL (2015) The evocative influence of child academic and social-emotional adjustment on parent involvement in inner-city schools. J Educ Psychol 107:517–532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Beaver KM, Hartman S, Belsky J (2015) Differential susceptibility to parental sensitivity based on early-life temperament in the prediction of adolescent affective psychopathic personality traits. Crim Justice Behav 42:546–565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Stright AD, Gallagher KC, Kelley K (2008) Infant temperament moderates relations between maternal parenting in early childhood and children’s adjustment in first grade. Child Dev 79:186–200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. O’Boyle EH, Forsyth D, Banks GC, Story PA (2013) A meta-analytic review of the Dark Triad–intelligence connection. J Res Pers 47:789–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Sanchez de Ribera O, Kavish N, Katz IM, Boutwell BB (2019) Untangling intelligence, psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, and conduct problems: a meta-analytic review. Eur J Pers 33:529–564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Ttofi MM, Farrington DP, Piquero AR, Lösel F, DeLisi M, Murray J (2016) Intelligence as a protective factor against offending: a meta-analytic review of prospective longitudinal studies. J Crim Justice 45:4–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Pinsonneault M, Parent S, Castellanos-Ryan N, Séguin JR (2016) Low intelligence and poor executive function as vulnerabilities to externalizing behavior. In: Beauchaine TP, Hinshaw SP (eds) Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of externalizing spectrum disorders. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 375–400

    Google Scholar 

  57. Shamosh NA, Gray JR (2008) Delay discounting and intelligence: a meta-analysis. Intelligence 36:289–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Baker CA, Peterson E, Pulos S, Kirkland RA (2014) Eyes and IQ: a meta-analysis of the relationship between intelligence and “reading the mind in the eyes.” Intelligence 44:78–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Allen JL, Briskman J, Humayun S, Dadds MR, Scott S (2013) Heartless and cunning? Intelligence in adolescents with antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits. Psychiatry Res 210:1147–1153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Raine A, Chen FR (2018) The cognitive, affective, and somatic empathy scales (CASES) for children. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 47:24–37

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Agnoli S, Mancini G, Andrei F, Trombini E (2019) The relationship between trait emotional intelligence, cognition, and emotional awareness: an interpretative model. Front Psychol 10:1711

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Łowicki P, Zajenkowski M, van der Linden D (2020) The interplay between cognitive intelligence, ability emotional intelligence, and religiosity. J Relig Health 59:2556–2576

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Engelhardt LE, Mann FD, Briley DA, Church JA, Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM (2016) Strong genetic overlap between executive functions and intelligence. J Exp Psychol 145:1141–1159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. NICHD Early Child Care Network (1994) Child care and child development: The NICHD study of early child care. In: Friedman S, Haywood HC (eds) Developmental follow up: concepts, domains, and methods. Academic Press, New York, pp 377–396

    Google Scholar 

  65. Linver MR, Brooks-Gunn J, Cabrera N (2004) The home observation for measurement of the environment (HOME) inventory: the derivation of conceptually designed subscales. Parenting 4:99–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Moss E, Bureau JF, Cyr C, Dubois-Comtois K (2006) Is the maternal Q-Set a valid measure of preschool child attachment behavior? Int J Behav Dev 30:488–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Egeland B, Farber EA (1984) Infant-mother attachment: factors related to its development and changes over time. Child Dev 55:753–771

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Bradley RH, Caldwell BM (1984) The HOME inventory and family demographics. Dev Psychol 20:315–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Ainsworth MDS (1978) The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behav Brain Sci 1:436–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Cassidy J, Marvin RS, with the MacArthur Working Group (1992) Attachment organization in preschool children: Procedures and coding manual. Unpublished manuscript, University of Virginia, pp 125–131

  71. Waters E, Deane KE (1985) Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationships: Q-methodology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood. Monogr Soc Res Child 50:41–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Medoff-Cooper B, Carey WB, McDevitt SC (1993) The early infancy temperament questionnaire. J Dev Behav Pediatr 14:230–235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Wechsler D (1999) Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio

    Google Scholar 

  74. Gresham FM, Elliott SN (1990) Social skills rating system: manual. American Guidance Service, New York

    Google Scholar 

  75. Weinberger DA, Schwartz GE (1990) Distress and restraint as superordinate dimensions of self-reported adjustment: a typological perspective. J Pers 58:381–417

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Little TD, Cunningham WA, Shahar G, Widaman KF (2002) To parcel or not to parcel: exploring the question, weighing the merits. Struct Equ Model 9:151–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Andershed HA, Kerr M, Stattin H, Levander S (2002) Psychopathic traits in non-referred youths: a new assessment tool. In: Blaauw ES (ed) Psychopaths: current international perspectives. Elsevier, The Hague, pp 131–158

    Google Scholar 

  78. Conger RD, Elder Jr GH (1994) Families in troubled times: the Iowa youth and families project. In: Families in troubled times: adapting to change in rural America, pp. 3–19.

  79. Elliott DS, Ageton SS (1980) Reconciling race and class differences in self-reported and official estimates of delinquency. Am Sociol Rev 45:95–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Vazsonyi AT, Pickering LE, Junger M, Hessing D (2001) An empirical test of a general theory of crime: a four-nation comparative study of self-control and the prediction of deviance. J Res Crime Delinq 38:91–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Bollen KA (1989) Structural equations with latent variables. Wiley, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  82. Muthén LK, Muthén BO (1998–2017) Mplus user’s guide. Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles

  83. Kline RB (2015) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications, New York

    Google Scholar 

  84. Salekin RT, Neumann CS, Leistico AMR, Zalot AA (2004) Psychopathy in youth and intelligence: an investigation of Cleckley’s hypothesis. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33:731–742

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Moss E, Dubois-Comtois K, Cyr C, Tarabulsy GM, St-Laurent D, Bernier A (2011) Efficacy of a home-visiting intervention aimed at improving maternal sensitivity, child attachment, and behavioral outcomes for maltreated children: a randomized control trial. Dev Psychopathol 23:195–210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Koestner R, Franz C, Weinberger J (1990) The family origins of empathic concern: a 26-year longitudinal study. J Pers Soc Psychol 58:709–717

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. McDonald R, Dodson MC, Rosenfield D, Jouriles EN (2011) Effects of a parenting intervention on features of psychopathy in children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 39:1013–1023

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Eisenberg N, Fabes RA, Murphy B, Karbon M, Smith M, Maszk P (1996) The relations of children’s dispositional empathy-related responding to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Dev Psychol 32:195–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Pessoa L (2008) On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:148–158

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR (2000) Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 10:295–307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Kahn RE, Ermer E, Salovey P, Kiehl KA (2016) Emotional intelligence and callous–unemotional traits in incarcerated adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 47:903–917

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Cleckley HM (1964) The mask of sanity: an attempt to clarify some issues about the so-called psychopathic personality. Ravenio Books, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  93. Hare RD (1996) Psychopathy: a clinical construct whose time has come. Crim Justice Behav 23:25–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Johansson P, Kerr M (2005) Psychopathy and intelligence: a second look. J Pers Disord 19:357–369

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Cassibba R, Castoro G, Costantino E, Sette G, Van Ijzendoorn MH (2015) Enhancing maternal sensitivity and infant attachment security with video feedback: an exploratory study in Italy. Infant Ment Health J 36:53–61

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Fine A, Steinberg L, Frick PJ, Cauffman E (2016) Self-control assessments and implications for predicting adolescent offending. J Youth Adolesc 45:701–712

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Demidenko MI, Huntley ED, Martz ME, Keating DP (2019) Adolescent health risk behaviors: convergent, discriminant and predictive validity of self-report and cognitive measures. J Youth Adolesc 48:1765–1783

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Child Care Research Network supported by NICHD through a cooperative agreement that calls for scientific collaboration between the grantees and the NICHD staff. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development or the National Institutes of Health. United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development: Phase I, 1991–1994 [United States]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2018-06-25. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR21940.v6. United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development: Phase II, 1995–1999 [United States]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2018-06-25. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR21941.v5. United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development: Phase III, 2000–2004 [United States]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2018-06-25. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR21942.v6. United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development: Phase IV, 2005–2007 [United States]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2018-06-25. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR22361.v5. The current study is based in part on one of the first author’s dissertation studies. She would like to thank Drs. Frederick Danner, Claudia Health, Stephanie Stockburger, but also anonymous reviewers and the Editor, for their extremely helpful and enlightening comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript.

Funding

This study did not receive any funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family Sciences, University of Kentucky, 316 Funkhouser Bldg., Lexington, KY, 40506, USA

    Magda Javakhishvili & Alexander T. Vazsonyi

Authors
  1. Magda Javakhishvili
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alexander T. Vazsonyi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexander T. Vazsonyi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Javakhishvili, M., Vazsonyi, A.T. Empathy, Self-control, Callous-Unemotionality, and Delinquency: Unique and Shared Developmental Antecedents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 53, 389–402 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01137-2

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01137-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation