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The Changes of Brain Edema and Neurological Outcome, and the Probable Mechanisms in Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury Induced in Rats with the History of Exercise

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Abstract

Since no definitive treatment has been suggested for diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI), and also as the effect of exercise has been proven to be beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases, the effect of endurance exercise on the complications of TBI along with its possible neuroprotective mechanism was investigated in this study. Our objective was to find out whether previous endurance exercise influences brain edema and neurological outcome in TBI. We also assessed the probable mechanism of endurance exercise effect in TBI. Rats were randomly assigned into four groups of sham, TBI, exercise + sham and exercise + TBI. Endurance exercise was carried out before TBI. Brain edema was assessed by calculating the percentage of brain water content 24 h after the surgery. Neurological outcome was evaluated by obtaining veterinary coma scale (VCS) at − 1, 1, 4 and 24 h after the surgery. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl and histopathological changes were evaluated 24 h after the surgery. Previous exercise prevented the increase in brain water content, MDA level, histopathological edema and apoptosis following TBI. The reduction in VCS in exercise + TBI group was lower than that of TBI group. In addition, a decrease in the level of serum IL-1β and the content of brain protein carbonyl was reported in exercise + TBI group in comparison with the TBI group. We suggest that the previous endurance exercise prevents brain edema and improves neurological outcome following diffuse TBI, probably by reducing apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Shiebani and Dr. Pardakhti for their help and support in this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Nasrin Soltani & Mojdeh Hajmohammmadi

  2. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Department of Physiology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Zahra Soltani

  3. Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Mohammad Khaksari

  4. Department of Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Ghasem Ebrahimi

  5. Department of Pathology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Maryam Iranpour

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  1. Nasrin Soltani
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Contributions

MK directed the project and carried out the interpretations. NS and MH carried out neurobehavioral and brain edema evaluations. GHE and MI assessed biochemical and histopathological agents. ZS directed the project, carried out the data analysis and interpretations, and prepared the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zahra Soltani.

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Ethical Approval

The study was executed in accordance with the guidelines for animal experimental protocols of Kerman University of Medical Sciences and the internationally accepted principles for animal use and care (EU Directive of 2010; 010/63/EU). The research protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences (No. EC/KNRC/94-420). The animals were maintained in an air-conditioned room at 22–25 °C in a 12 h light and 12 h dark cycle. Also, food and water were available to the animals during the study.

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Soltani, N., Soltani, Z., Khaksari, M. et al. The Changes of Brain Edema and Neurological Outcome, and the Probable Mechanisms in Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury Induced in Rats with the History of Exercise. Cell Mol Neurobiol 40, 555–567 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-019-00753-w

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