Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) migration is critical for effective myelination of the central nervous system. Not only during normal myelination but also during remyelination, the growth factors (GFs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein affect the OPC migration. Studies showed the altered levels of GFs and ECM in the demyelinating lesions. In our earlier studies, we have shown that the effect of platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGF-A) on OPC migration is dose- and time-dependent. In that we have shown that the physiological concentration (1 ng/ml) of PDGF-A was unable to induce OPC migration at transient exposure (30 min). However, the involvement of ECM in the regulation of PDGF-A mediated OPC migration was not clear. In the present study, we have used fibronectin (FN) as ECM. PDGF-A and FN have similar and overlapping intracellular signaling pathways including the extracellular regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Here we demonstrate how physiological concentration of PDGF-A combines with FN to augment OPC migration in vitro. The present study is first of its kind to show the importance of the synergistic effects of PDGF-A and FN on peripheral recruitment of phosphorylated/activated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2), actin-pERK1/2 co-localization, and filopodia formation, which are essential for the enhanced OPC migration. These findings were further confirmed by ERK1/2 inhibition studies, using the pharmacological inhibitor U0126. An understanding of these complex interactions may lead to additional strategies for transplanting genetically modified OPCs to repair widespread demyelinated lesions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Armstrong RC (1998) Isolation and characterization of immature oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Methods 16(3):282–292
Armstrong R, Harvath L, Dubois-Dalcq M (1991) Astrocytes and O-2A progenitors migrate toward distinct molecules in a microchemotaxis chamber. Ann N Y Acad Sci 633(1):520–522
Avrov K, Kazlauskas A (2003) The role of c-Src in platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor internalization. Exp Cell Res 291(2):426–434
Back SA, Luo NL, Borenstein NS, Levine JM, Volpe JJ, Kinney HC (2001) Late oligodendrocyte progenitors coincide with the developmental window of vulnerability for human perinatal white matter injury. J Neurosci 21(4):1302–1312
Baron W, Metz B, Bansal R, Hoekstra D, de Vries H (2000) PDGF and FGF-2 signaling in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells: regulation of proliferation and differentiation by multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Mol Cell Neurosci 15(3):314–329
Baron W, Shattil SJ, Ffrench-Constant C (2002) The oligodendrocyte precursor mitogen PDGF stimulates proliferation by activation of alpha(v)beta3 integrins. The EMBO J 21(8):1957–1966
Barry C, Pearson C, Barbarese E (1996) Morphological organization of oligodendrocyte processes during development in culture and in vivo. Dev Neurosci 18(4):233–242
Bauer NG, Richter-Landsberg C, Ffrench-Constant C (2009) Role of the oligodendroglial cytoskeleton in differentiation and myelination. Glia 57(16):1691–1705
Bhalla US, Ram PT, Iyengar R (2002) MAP kinase phosphatase as a locus of flexibility in a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling network. Science 297(5583):1018–1023
Blaschuk KL, Frost EE, Ffrench-Constant C (2000) The regulation of proliferation and differentiation in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells by alphaV integrins. Development 127(9):1961–1969
Brandt R (1998) Cytoskeletal mechanisms of axon outgrowth and pathfinding. Cell Tissue Res 292(2):181–189
Brunmark C, Runstrom A, Ohlsson L, Sparre B, Brodin T, Astrom M, Hedlund G (2002) The new orally active immunoregulator laquinimod (ABR-215062) effectively inhibits development and relapses of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 130(1–2):163–172
Cabodi S, Moro L, Bergatto E, Boeri Erba E, Di Stefano P, Turco E, Tarone G, Defilippi P (2004) Integrin regulation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and of EGF-dependent responses. Biochem Soc Trans 32(Pt3):438–442
Calver AR, Hall AC, Yu W-P, Walsh FS, Heath JK, Betsholtz C, Richardson WD (1998) Oligodendrocyte population dynamics and the role of PDGF in vivo. Neuron 20(5):869–882
Challacombe JF, Snow DM, Letourneau PC (1996) Actin filament bundles are required for microtubule reorientation during growth cone turning to avoid an inhibitory guidance cue. J Cell Sci 109(8):2031–2040
Chang A, Nishiyama A, Peterson J, Prineas J, Trapp BD (2000) NG2-positive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in adult human brain and multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neurosci 20(17):6404–6412
Chari DM (2007) Remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Neurobiol 79:589–620
Chen Q, Kinch MS, Lin TH, Burridge K, Juliano RL (1994) Integrin-mediated cell adhesion activates mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Biol Chem 269(43):26602–26605
Chen Y, Balasubramaniyan V, Peng J, Hurlock EC, Tallquist M, Li J, Lu QR (2007) Isolation and culture of rat and mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Nat Protoc 2(5):1044–1051
Dent EW, Kwiatkowski AV, Mebane LM, Philippar U, Barzik M, Rubinson DA, Gupton S, Van Veen JE, Furman C, Zhang J, Alberts AS, Mori S, Gertler FB (2007) Filopodia are required for cortical neurite initiation. Nat Cell Biol 9(12):1347–1359
Eyermann C, Czaplinski K, Colognato H (2012) Dystroglycan promotes filopodial formation and process branching in differentiating oligodendroglia. J Neurochem 120(6):928–947
Fincham VJ, James M, Frame MC, Winder SJ (2000) Active ERK/MAP kinase is targeted to newly forming cell-matrix adhesions by integrin engagement and v-Src. EMBO J. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.12.2911
Forman MS, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY (2004) Neurodegenerative diseases: a decade of discoveries paves the way for therapeutic breakthroughs. Nat Med 10(10):1055–1063
Franklin RJ (2002) Why does remyelination fail in multiple sclerosis? Nat Rev Neurosci 3(9):705–714
Franklin RJ, Gilson JM, Blakemore WF (1997) Local recruitment of remyelinating cells in the repair of demyelination in the central nervous system. J Neurosci Res 50(2):337–344
Frost E, Kiernan BW, Faissner A, ffrench-Constant C (1996) Regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor migration by extracellular matrix: evidence for substrate-specific inhibition of migration by tenascin-C. Dev Neurosci 18(4):266–273
Frost EE, Milner R, Ffrench-Constant C (2000) Migration assays for oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Methods Mol Biol 139:265–278
Frost EE, Nielsen JA, Le TQ, Armstrong RC (2003) PDGF and FGF2 regulate oligodendrocyte progenitor responses to demyelination. J Neurobiol 54(3):457–472
Frost E, Zhou Z, Krasnesky K, Armstrong R (2009) Initiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell migration by a PDGF-A activated extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Neurochem Res 34(1):169–181
Fruttiger M, Karlsson L, Hall AC, Abramsson A, Calver AR, Bostrom H, Willetts K, Bertold CH, Heath JK, Betsholtz C, Richardson WD (1999) Defective oligodendrocyte development and severe hypomyelination in PDGF-A knockout mice. Development 126(3):457–467
Fukui Y, Kwang WJAJJ (1993) Toward a new concept of cell motility: cytoskeletal dynamics in amoeboid movement and cell division. International review of cytology, vol 144. Academic Press, New York, pp 85–127
Gavin RH, Kwang WJ (1997) Microtubule-microfilament synergy in the cytoskeleton. International review of cytology, vol 173. Academic Press, New York, pp 207–242
Giancotti FG, Tarone G (2003) Positional control of cell fate through joint integrin/receptor protein kinase signaling. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 19(1):173–206. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.031103.133334
Goedert M (2001) The significance of tau and alpha-synuclein inclusions in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11(3):343–351
Guardiola-Diaz HM, Ishii A, Bansal R (2012) Erk1/2 MAPK and mTOR signaling sequentially regulates progression through distinct stages of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Glia 60(3):476–486
Gutowski NJ, Newcombe J, Cuzner ML (1999) Tenascin-R and C in multiple sclerosis lesions: relevance to extracellular matrix remodelling. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 25(3):207–214
Hatano N, Mori Y, Oh-hora M, Kosugi A, Fujikawa T, Nakai N, Niwa H, Ji Miyazaki, Hamaoka T, Ogata M (2003) Essential role for ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase in placental development. Genes Cells 8(11):847–856
Heldin CH, Ericsson J (2001) Signal transduction. RIPping tyrosine kinase receptors apart. Science 294(5549):2111–2113
Heldin C-H, Westermark B (1999) Mechanism of action and in vivo role of platelet-derived growth factor. Physiol Rev 79(4):1283–1316
Hughes EG, Kang SH, Fukaya M, Bergles DE (2013) Oligodendrocyte progenitors balance growth with self-repulsion to achieve homeostasis in the adult brain. Nat Neurosci 16(6):668–676
Ikegami S, Taguchi T, Ohashi M, Oguro M, Nagano H, Mano Y (1978) Aphidicolin prevents mitotic cell division by interfering with the activity of DNA polymerase-alpha. Nature 275(5679):458–460
Jang K-J, Kim MS, Feltrin D, Jeon NL, Suh K-Y, Pertz O (2010) Two distinct filopodia populations at the growth cone allow to sense nanotopographical extracellular matrix cues to guide neurite outgrowth. PLoS One 5(12):e15966
Kakita A, Goldman JE (1999) Patterns and dynamics of SVZ cell migration in the postnatal forebrain: monitoring living progenitors in slice preparations. Neuron 23(3):461–472
Lauffenburger DA, Horwitz AF (1996) Cell migration: a physically integrated molecular process. Cell 84(3):359–369
Levison SW, Chuang C, Abramson BJ, Goldman JE (1993) The migrational patterns and developmental fates of glial precursors in the rat subventricular zone are temporally regulated. Development 119(3):611–622
Li L, Schatteman GC, Oppenheim RW, Lei M, Bowen-Pope DF, Houenou LJ (1996) Altered development of spinal cord in the mouse mutant (Patch) lacking the PDGF receptor alpha-subunit gene. Dev Brain Res 96(1–2):204–209
Mattila PK, Lappalainen P (2008) Filopodia: molecular architecture and cellular functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9(6):446–454
McKinnon RD, Smith C, Behar T, Smith T, Dubois-Dalcq M (1993) Distinct effects of bFGF and PDGF on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Glia 7(3):245–254
McKinnon RD, Waldron S, Kiel ME (2005) PDGF alpha-receptor signal strength controls an RTK rheostat that integrates phosphoinositol 3′-kinase and phospholipase Cgamma pathways during oligodendrocyte maturation. J Neurosci 25(14):3499–3508. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5049-04.2005
Milner R, Ffrench-Constant C (1994) A developmental analysis of oligodendroglial integrins in primary cells: changes in alpha v-associated beta subunits during differentiation. Development 120(12):3497–3506
Milner R, Edwards G, Streuli C, ffrench-Constant C (1996) A role in migration for the alpha V beta 1 integrin expressed on oligodendrocyte precursors. J Neurosci 16(22):7240–7252
Milner R, Anderson HJ, Rippon RF, McKay JS, Franklin RJM, Marchionni MA, Reynolds R, Ffrench-Constant C (1997) Contrasting effects of mitogenic growth factors on oligodendrocyte precursor cell migration. Glia 19(1):85–90
Mitchison TJ, Cramer LP (1996) Actin-based cell motility and cell locomotion. Cell 84(3):371–379
Miyamoto S, Teramoto H, Coso OA, Gutkind JS, Burbelo PD, Akiyama SK, Yamada KM (1995) Integrin function: molecular hierarchies of cytoskeletal and signaling molecules. J Cell Biol 131(3):791–805. doi:10.1083/jcb.131.3.791
Norton W, Wood P, Bunge R (1984) The biology of the oligodendrocyte. Oligodendroglia. Advances in neurochemistry, vol 5. Springer, New York, pp 1–46
Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti C, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker BG (2000) Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 343(13):938–952
Novak KD, Titus MA (1997) Myosin I overexpression impairs cell migration. J Cell Biol 136(3):633–647. doi:10.1083/jcb.136.3.633
Rakic S, Zecevic N (2003) Early oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the human fetal telencephalon. Glia 41(2):117–127
Saba-El-Leil MK, Vella FDJ, Vernay B, Voisin L, Chen L, Labrecque N, Ang S-L, Meloche S (2003) An essential function of the mitogen-activated protein kinase Erk2 in mouse trophoblast development. EMBO reports 4:964–968. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.embor939
Schlaepfer DD, Hanks SK, Hunter T, Pvd Geer (1994) Integrin-mediated signal transduction linked to Ras pathway by GRB2 binding to focal adhesion kinase. Nature 372(6508):786–791
Schmidt C, Ohlemeyer C, Labrakakis C, Walter T, Kettenmann H, Schnitzer J (1997) Analysis of motile oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro and in brain slices. Glia 20(4):284–298
Schwartz MA, Ginsberg MH (2002) Networks and crosstalk: integrin signalling spreads. Nat Cell Biol 4(4):E65–E68
Sharma K, Singh J, Pillai PP, Frost EE (2015) Involvement of MeCP2 in regulation of myelin-related gene expression in cultured rat oligodendrocytes. J Mol Neurosci. doi:10.1007/s12031-015-0597-3
Simpson PB, Armstrong RC (1999) Intracellular signals and cytoskeletal elements involved in oligodendrocyte progenitor migration. Glia 26(1):22–35
Sobel RA, Ahmed AS (2001) White matter extracellular matrix chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans in multiple sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60(12):1198–1207
Sobel RA, Chen M, Maeda A, Hinojoza JR (1995) Vitronectin and integrin vitronectin receptor localization in multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54(2):202–213
Song J, Goetz BD, Baas PW, Duncan ID (2001) Cytoskeletal reorganization during the formation of oligodendrocyte processes and branches. Mol Cell Neurosci 17(4):624–636
Soriano P (1997) The PDGF alpha receptor is required for neural crest cell development and for normal patterning of the somites. Development 124(14):2691–2700
Sorkin A, Von Zastrow M (2002) Signal transduction and endocytosis: close encounters of many kinds. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3(8):600–614
Spassky N, de Castro F, Le Bras B, Heydon K, Queraud-LeSaux F, Bloch-Gallego E, Chedotal A, Zalc B, Thomas J-L (2002) Directional guidance of oligodendroglial migration by Class 3 semaphorins and Netrin-1. J Neurosci 22(14):5992–6004
Stork PJS (2002) ERK signaling: duration, duration, duration. Cell Cycle 1(5):315–317
Tsai HH, Frost E, To V, Robinson S, Ffrench-Constant C, Geertman R, Ransohoff RM, Miller RH (2002) The chemokine receptor CXCR2 controls positioning of oligodendrocyte precursors in developing spinal cord by arresting their migration. Cell 110(3):373–383
Tsai H-H, Tessier-Lavigne M, Miller RH (2003) Netrin 1 mediates spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursor dispersal. Development 130(10):2095–2105. doi:10.1242/dev.00424
Varani J, Orr W, Ward PA (1978) A comparison of the migration patterns of normal and malignant cells in two assay systems. Am J pathol 90(1):159
Volpe JJ (2001) Neurobiology of Periventricular Leukomalacia in the Premature Infant. Pediatr Res 50(5):553–562
Vora P, Pillai PP, Zhu W, Mustapha J, Namaka MP, Frost EE (2011) Differential effects of growth factors on oligodendrocyte progenitor migration. Eur J Cell Biol 90(8):649–656
Wilson R, Brophy PJ (1989) Role for the oligodendrocyte cytoskeleton in myelination. J Neurosci Res 22(4):439–448
Woodruff RH, Fruttiger M, Richardson WD, Franklin RJ (2004) Platelet-derived growth factor regulates oligodendrocyte progenitor numbers in adult CNS and their response following CNS demyelination. Mol Cell Neurosci 25(2):252–262
Yao Y, Li W, Wu J, Germann UA, Su MSS, Kuida K, Boucher DM (2003) Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 is necessary for mesoderm differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(22):12759–12764. doi:10.1073/pnas.2134254100
Zhu X, Assoian RK (1995) Integrin-dependent activation of MAP kinase: a link to shape-dependent cell proliferation. Mol Biol Cell 6(3):273–282. doi:10.1091/mbc.6.3.273
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by a grant from Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) (No.-SR/FT/LS-52/2011, 1st May, 2012), New Delhi, India. We also thank DBT-MSUB-ILSPARE and SERB, India, for awarding JRFs to AT and ZSP, respectively. We are highly thankful to DBT-MSUB-ILSPARE programme for the confocal microscopy facility at Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Science Block, Faculty of Science, MSU, Vadodara.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Ashutosh Tripathi and Zalak S. Parikh have contributed equally to this work.
Electronic Supplementary Material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tripathi, A., Parikh, Z.S., Vora, P. et al. pERK1/2 Peripheral Recruitment and Filopodia Protrusion Augment Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Migration: Combined Effects of PDGF-A and Fibronectin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 37, 183–194 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-016-0359-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-016-0359-y