Abstract
This research aimed to enhance the impregnation of carboxylate styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR) polymer on jute yarns, thereby improving the mechanical properties of textile-reinforced cementitious composite (TRCC). An experimental investigation on the use of cellulose microcrystals and nanofibrils as additives to XSBR admixture was conducted. Four different solutions containing XSBR are presented, and the interactions between each solution and the fibers, as well as the treated fiber–matrix interactions, were analyzed. For these interaction analyses, the influence of XSBR impregnation was assessed using scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical properties of both non-treated and treated jute fibers were evaluated through direct tensile tests, and the bond between treated and non-treated jute yarns and the cementitious matrix was assessed through pull-out tests. The results demonstrate a significant enhancement not only in the mechanical behavior of the treated fibers but also in the overall performance of the TRCC.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data and materials availability
Data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Notes
Mass loss curve during a gradual increase of temperature.
Material decomposition rate, in percentage of weight loss per minute, obtained from TGA curve.
Exothermic and endothermic reactions, in heat flux vs temperature curve.
References
Ardanuy M, Claramunt J, Toledo Filho RD (2015) Cellulosic fiber reinforced cement-based composites: a review of recent research. Constr Build Mater 79:115–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.035
Asprone D, Durante M, Prota A et al (2011) Potential of structural pozzolanic matrix–hemp fiber grid composites. Constr Build Mater 25:2867–2874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.046
Bhattacharyya SK, Parmar B, Chakraborty A et al (2012) Exploring microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as a green multifunctional additive (MFA) in a typical solution-grade styrene butadiene rubber (S-SBR)-based tread compound. Ind Eng Chem Res 51:10649–10658. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie301268e
Castoldi RdS, Liebscher M, Silva de Souza LM et al (2023) Effect of polymeric fiber coating on the mechanical performance, water absorption, and interfacial bond with cement-based matrices. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133222
de Campos Vitorino F (2017) Influência de Copolímeros de Estireno-Butadieno e de Fibras de Wollastonita na Hidratação, Reologia e Comportamento Mecânico a Altas Temperaturas de Pastas Dúcteis de Cimento Portland. Ph.D. thesis, Civil Engineering Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (in Portuguese)
de Campos Vitorino F, Dweck J, Ferrara L et al (2020) Effect of plain and carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber on the rheological behavior of silica fume-class g Portland cement slurries. J Mater Res Technol 9(3):5364–5377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.03.063
Desmaisons J, Boutonnet E, Rueff M et al (2017) A new quality index for benchmarking of different cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 174:318–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.032
dos Santos FA, Iulianelli GCV, Tavares MIB (2017) Effect of microcrystalline and nanocrystals cellulose fillers in materials based on PLA matrix. Polym Test 61:280–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.05.028
Dutra RCL, Diniz MF, Ribeiro AP et al (2004) Determinação do teor de nr/sbr em misturas: associação de dados dtg e ft-ir. Polímeros 14:334–348. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282004000500011
Ferreira SR (2016) The effect of surface treatments on the structure, durability and bond behavior of vegetable fibers for cementitious composites. Ph.D. thesis, Civil Engineering Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (in Portuguese)
Ferreira SR, de Andrade Silva F, Lima PRL et al (2015) Effect of fiber treatments on the sisal fiber properties and fiber-matrix bond in cement based systems. Constr Build Mater 101:730–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.120
Fidelis MEA, Pereira TVC, Gomes OFM et al (2013) The effect of fiber morphology on the tensile strength of natural fibers. J Mater Res Technol 2(2):149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.02.003
Fidelis MEA, de Andrade Silva F, Filho RDT (2014) The influence of fiber treatment on the mechanical behavior of jute textile reinforced concrete. Key Eng Mater 600:469–474. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.600.469
Fidelis MEA, Filho RT, de Andrade Silva F et al (2016) The effect of accelerated aging on the interface of jute textile reinforced concrete. Cem Concr Compos 74:7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.09.002
Fidelis MEA, Filho RDT, de Andrade SF et al (2019) Interface characteristics of jute fiber systems in a cementitious matrix. Cem Concr Res 116:252–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.12.002
French AD, Santiago Cintrón M (2013) Cellulose polymorphy, crystallite size, and the Segal Crystallinity Index. Cellulose 20(1):583–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9833-y
Fumagalli M, Berriot J, de Gaudemaris B et al (2018) Rubber materials from elastomers and nanocellulose powders: filler dispersion and mechanical reinforcement. Soft Matter 14:2638–2648. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SM00210J
Gomes O, Teixeira F, Lima J, et al (2018) On the measurement of cross-sectional area of natural fibers. In: Brazilian conference on composite materials, pp 648–655
Guimarães TC, Gomes OFM, Oliveira de Araújo OM et al (2023) PCM-impregnated textile-reinforced cementitious composite for thermal energy storage. Text 3(1):98–114. https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles3010008
Habeeb SA (2021) The effecting of physical properties of inorganic fillers on swelling rate of rubber compound: a review study. J Univ Babylon Eng Sci 27(1):94–104. https://doi.org/10.29196/jubes.v27i1.1973
Hiner MC, DeZonia BE, Walter AE et al (2017) Imagej 2: Imagej for the next generation of scientific image data. BMC Bioinf. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-017-1934-z
Hugen LN, de Amorim dos Santos A, de Novais Miranda EH et al (2023) Addition of carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber in cellulose nanofibrils composite films: effect on film production and its performance. Iran Polym J Engl Ed 32(2):165–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-022-01115-y
John MJ, Thomas S (2008) Biofibres and biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 71(3):343–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.05.040
Khan A, Rangappa SM, Siengchin S et al (2021) Front matter. Hybrid natural fiber composites. Woodhead publishing series in composites science and engineering. Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, pp i–ii
Kim HS, Kim S, Kim HJ et al (2006) Thermal properties of bio-flour-filled polyolefin composites with different compatibilizing agent type and content. Thermochim Acta 451:181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.09.013
Kondo Y, Miyazaki K, Yamaguchi Y et al (2006) Mechanical properties of fiber reinforced styrene-butadiene rubbers using surface-modified UHMWPE fibers under EB irradiation. Eur Polym J 42:1008–1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.11.025
Kundu SP, Chakraborty S, Roy A et al (2012) Chemically modified jute fibre reinforced non-pressure (np) concrete pipes with improved mechanical properties. Constr Build Mater 37:841–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.082
Langan P, Nishiyama Y, Chanzy H (2001) X-ray structure of mercerized cellulose II at 1 Å resolution. Biomacromolecules 2(2):410–416. https://doi.org/10.1021/BM005612Q/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/BM005612QF00008.JPEG. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm005612q
Ling Z, Wang T, Makarem M et al (2019) Effects of ball milling on the structure of cotton cellulose. Cellulose 26(1):305–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-02230-x
Macrae CF, Sovago I, Cottrell JS et al (2020) Mercury 4.0: from visualization to analysis, design and prediction. J Appl Crystallogr 53:226–235. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576719014092
Mader E, Plonka R, Schiekel M et al (2004) Coatings on alkali-resistant glass fibres for the improvement of concrete. J Ind Text 33:191–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083704039833
Mansor MK, Ali RC (2016) Properties evaluation of micro-crystalline cellulose and starch as biofiller in rubber compounding. Adv Mater Res 1133:593–597. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1133.593
Murty VM, De SK (1984) Short-fiber-reinforced styrene-butadiene rubber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 29:1355–1368. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290429
Nam S, French AD, Condon BD et al (2016) Segal crystallinity index revisited by the simulation of X-ray diffraction patterns of cotton cellulose I$\beta $ and cellulose II. Carbohydr Polym 135:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2015.08.035
Neves Junior A, Ferreira SR, Toledo Filho RD et al (2019) Effect of early age curing carbonation on the mechanical properties and durability of high initial strength Portland cement and lime-pozolan composites reinforced with long sisal fibres. Composites B 163:351–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.006
Nishiyama Y, Langan P, Chanzy H (2002) Crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose i$\beta $ from synchrotron x-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 124:9074–9082. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0257319
Roy K, Potiyaraj P (2018) Development of high performance microcrystalline cellulose based natural rubber composites using maleated natural rubber as compatibilizer. Cellulose 25:1077–1087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1613-2
Sarkar MD, Mukunda PG, De PP et al (1997) Degradation of hydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubber at high temperature. Rubber Chem Technol 70:855–870. https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3538465
Satyanarayana KG, Arizaga GGC, Wypych F (2009) Biodegradable composites based on lignocellulosic fibers-an overview. Prog Polym Sci 34(9):982–1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.12.002
Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V et al (2012) Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 9(7):676–682. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2019
Shen D, Xiao R, Gu S et al (2013) The overview of thermal decomposition of cellulose in lignocellulosic biomass. In: van de Ven T, Kadla J (eds) Cellulose—biomass conversion. IntechOpen, London
Sreekumar P, Manirul Haque S, Afzal HM et al (2019) Preparation and characterization of microcellulose reinforced polyvinyl alcohol/starch biocomposites. J Compos Mater 53(14):1933–1939. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998318816437
Stephen R, Siddique AM, Singh F et al (2007) Thermal degradation and ageing behavior of microcomposites of natural rubber, carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber latices, and their blends. J Appl Polym Sci 105:341–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.26042
Toledo Filho RD, Ghavami K, England GL et al (2003) Development of vegetable fibre-mortar composites of improved durability. Cem Concr Compos 25(2):185–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00018-5
Tonoli GHD, Santos SF, Savastano H et al (2011) Effects of natural weathering on microstructure and mineral composition of cementitious roofing tiles reinforced with fique fibre. Cem Concr Compos 33(2):225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.10.013
Várhegyi G, Szabó P, Mok WL et al (1993) Kinetics of the thermal decomposition of cellulose in sealed vessels at elevated pressures. Effects of the presence of water on the reaction mechanism. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 26:159–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2370(93)80064-7
Yang H, Yan R, Chen H et al (2005) In-depth investigation of biomass pyrolysis based on three major components: hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. Energy Fuels 20(1):388–393. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0580117
Živković ŽD (1979) The influence of sample mass and particle size on the area of the DTA peak in the differential thermal analysis of powdered materials. Thermochim Acta 34(1):101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(79)80029-5
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the technical support involving all analyses, CETEM research staff and also the WIB-TU Darmstadt research staff.
Funding
This research was funded by CNPq (Grant \(\sharp\)433414/2018-3, \(\sharp\)204376/2018-1, \(\sharp\)309983/2022-3), and FAPEMIG (Grant \(\sharp\)APQ-03248-17).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Tulio Caetano Guimaraes (TCG) Matheus Cordazzo Dias (MCD) Olga Maria Oliveira de Araujo (OMOA) Ricardo Tadeu Lopes (RTL) Eddie Koenders (EK) Romildo Dias Toledo Filho (RDTL) Gustavo Henrique Denzin Tonoli (GHDT) Rodolfo Giacomim Mendes de Andrade (RGMA) Saulo Rocha Ferreira (SRF) TCG, MCD, SRF, RGMA, OMOA: methodology, investigation, writing—original draft preparation; EK, RDTF, SRF, RTL: resources, data curation, writing—review, formal analysis. GHDT, RGMA, SRF: supervision, visualization, conceptualization, formal analysis, supervision, writing—review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
All authors have agreed to publish this research.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Guimarães, T.C., Dias, M.C., de Araújo, O.M.O. et al. The influence of cellulose microcrystals and nanofibrils in XSBR polymers on the mechanical properties of jute textile-reinforced cementitious composites. Cellulose 31, 3961–3979 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-024-05810-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-024-05810-2