Abstract
Cotton fabrics have been extensively used in our lives, but their flammable properties caused much potential harm. The purpose of our work is to give cotton fabrics certain flame retardant properties. Hence, a novel polymer, poly (oligodimethylsiloxyl spiryclic pentaerythritol bisphosphorate) (PPDMS) was successfully synthesized by a chemical reaction. The structure of product PPDMS was characterized by FTIR, 1 H NMR and 31P NMR. The limited oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test were adopted to estimate the flame retardant property, as well as mechanism of gas phase flame retardant was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared analysis (TG-FTIR). The LOI value reached 29.0 % with a char length of 12.0 cm when the weight gain is maximum. The cone calorimetry test was adopted to assess combustion performance, and the pHRR and THR decreased to 108.2 kW/m2 and 1.7 MJ/m2 for treated cotton fabric. Besides, the surface morphology and elemental composition were also characterized. The morphology of char, TG results and TG-FTIR results proved that PPDMS might play a role in two phases (condensed and gas).
Graphic abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alongi J, Ciobanu M, Malucelli G (2012) Sol–gel treatments on cotton fabrics for improving thermal and flame stability: effect of the structure of the alkoxysilane precursor. Carbohydr Polym 87:627–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.036
Alongi J, Colleoni C, Malucelli G, Rosace G (2012) Hybrid phosphorus-doped silica architectures derived from a multistep sol–gel process for improving thermal stability and flame retardancy of cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 97:1334–1344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.030
Carosio F, Fontaine G, Alongi J, Bourbigot S (2015) Starch-based layer by layer assembly: efficient and sustainable approach to cotton fire protection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:12158–12167. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b02507
Chen C, Gu X, Jin X, Sun J, Zhang S (2017a) The effect of chitosan on the flammability and thermal stability of polylactic acid/ammonium polyphosphate biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 157:1586–1593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.035
Chen Y, Liu S, Wan C, Zhang G (2021) Facile synthesis of a high efficiency and durability L-citrulline flame retardant for cotton. Int J Biol Macromol 166:1429–1438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.022
Chen Z, Dong C, Li Q, Bai Y, Lu Z (2017b) Preparation of linear piperazine/phosphorous/polysiloxane copolymer and its application on cotton fabrics. J Therm Anal Calorim 130:1997–2005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6541-8
Chen Z, Dong C, Li Q, Pu Y, Lu Z (2018) Multifunctional, hydrophobic and flame-retarded cotton fabrics modified with liner piperzine/phosphorous/polysiloxane copolymer. Fibers Polym 19:861–867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-018-7874-z
Dong C, Lu Z, Zhang F (2015a) Preparation and properties of cotton fabrics treated with a novel guanidyl- and phosphorus-containing polysiloxane antimicrobial and flame retardant. Mater Lett 142:35–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.11.138
Dong C, Lu Z, Zhang F, Zhu P, Zhang L, Sui S (2015b) Preparation and properties of cotton fabrics treated with a novel polysiloxane water repellent and flame retardant. Mater Lett 152:276–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.03.132
Edwards B, Rudolf S, Hauser P, El-Shafei A (2015) Preparation, polymerization, and performance evaluation of halogen-free radiation curable flame retardant monomers for cotton substrates. Ind Eng Chem Res 54:577–584. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie502915t
Feng Z et al (2019) Modification of mesoporous silica with phosphotungstic acid and its effects on the combustion and thermal behavior of polylactic acid composites. Polym Degrad Stab 160:24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.12.004
Grancaric AM, Colleoni C, Guido E, Botteri L, Rosace G (2017) Thermal behaviour and flame retardancy of monoethanolamine-doped sol-gel coatings of cotton fabric. Prog Org Coat 103:174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.10.035
Hassanpour A, Asghari S, Lakouraj MM (2017) Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial evaluation of nanofibrillated cellulose grafted by a novel quinolinium silane salt. RSC Adv 7:23907–23916. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra02765f
He P et al (2018) Preparation and flame retardancy of reactive flame retardant for cotton fabric. J Therm Anal Calorim 132:1771–1781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7057-6
Jiang Z, Li H, He Y, Liu Y, Dong C, Zhu P (2019) Flame retardancy and thermal behavior of cotton fabrics based on a novel phosphorus-containing siloxane. Appl Surf Sci 479:765–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.02.159
Jin X et al (2017) Preparation of a novel intumescent flame retardant based on supramolecular interactions and its application in polyamide 11. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:24964–24975. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b06250
Kundu CK, Wang X, Song L, Hu Y (2018) Borate cross-linked layer-by-layer assembly of green polyelectrolytes on polyamide 66 fabrics for flame-retardant treatment. Prog Org Coat 121:173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.04.031
Li N et al (2019) Novel eco-friendly flame retardants based on nitrogen–silicone schiff base and application in cellulose. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:290–301. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05338
Li P, Wang B, Xu Y-J, Jiang Z, Dong C, Liu Y, Zhu P (2019) Ecofriendly flame-retardant cotton fabrics: preparation, flame retardancy, thermal degradation properties, and mechanism. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:19246–19256. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05523
Liang T, Jiang Z, Wang C, Liu J (2017) A facile one-step synthesis of flame-retardant coatings on cotton fabric via ultrasound irradiation. J Appl Polym Sci 134:45114. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.45114
Liao F, Zhou L, Ju Y, Yang Y, Wang X (2014) Synthesis of a novel phosphorus–nitrogen-silicon polymeric flame retardant and its application in poly(lactic acid). Ind Eng Chem Res 53:10015–10023. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie5008745
Lin D, Zeng X, Li H, Lai X (2018) Facile fabrication of superhydrophobic and flame-retardant coatings on cotton fabrics via layer-by-layer assembly. Cellulose 25:3135–3149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1748-9
Ling C, Guo L (2020) Preparation of a flame-retardant coating based on solvent-free synthesis with high efficiency and durability on cotton fabric. Carbohydr Polym 230:115648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115648
Liu J, Dong C, Zhang Z, Kong D, Sun H, Lu Z (2020a) Multifunctional flame-retarded and hydrophobic cotton fabrics modified with a cyclic phosphorus/polysiloxane copolymer. Cellulose 27:3531–3549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03016-w
Liu J, Dong C, Zhang Z, Sun H, Kong D, Lu Z (2020b) Durable flame retardant cotton fabrics modified with a novel silicon–phosphorus–nitrogen synergistic flame retardant. Cellulose 27:9027–9043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03370-9
Liu Y et al (2020c) Fully bio-based fire-safety viscose/alginate blended nonwoven fabrics: thermal degradation behavior, flammability, and smoke suppression. Cellulose 27:6037–6053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03162-1
Liu Y, Wang QQ, Jiang ZM, Zhang CJ, Li ZF, Chen HQ, Zhu P (2018) Effect of chitosan on the fire retardancy and thermal degradation properties of coated cotton fabrics with sodium phytate and APTES by LBL assembly. J Anal Appl Pyrol 135:289–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.08.024
Neisius M, Liang S, Mispreuve H, Gaan S (2013) Phosphoramidate-containing flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foams. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:9752–9762. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie400914u
Oroumei A, Fox B, Naebe M (2015) Thermal and rheological characteristics of biobased carbon fiber precursor derived from low molecular weight organosolv lignin. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:758–769. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00097
Sun L et al (2020) Preparation of a novel flame retardant containing triazine groups and its application on cotton fabrics. New J Chem 44:7386–7394. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nj06268h
Tao Y et al (2021) A flame-retardant PET fabric coating: flammability, anti-dripping properties, and flame-retardant mechanism. Prog Org Coat 150:105971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105971
Wan C, Liu S, Chen Y, Zhang F (2020) Facile, one-pot, formaldehyde-free synthesis of reactive NP flame retardant for a biomolecule of cotton. Int J Biol Macromol 163:1659–1668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.174
Wan C, Tian P, Liu M, Zhang G, Zhang F (2019) Synthesis of a phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardant endowing cotton with high whiteness and washability. Ind Crop Prod 141:111738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111738
Wang B, Xu YJ, Li P, Zhang FQ, Liu Y, Zhu P (2020) Flame-retardant polyester/cotton blend with phosphorus/nitrogen/silicon-containing nano-coating by layer-by-layer assembly. Appl Surf Sci 509:145323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.145323
Wang W et al (2015) Sandwichlike coating consisting of alternating montmorillonite and β-FeOOH for reducing the fire hazard of flexible polyurethane foam. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:3214–3223. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00805
Wei D, Dong C, Chen Z, Liu J, Li Q, Lu Z (2019) A novel cyclic copolymer containing Si/P/N used as flame retardant and water repellent agent on cotton fabrics. J Appl Polym Sci 136:47280. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47280
Xie H, Lai X, Li H, Zeng X (2018) Fabrication of ZrP nanosheet decorated macromolecular charring agent and its efficient synergism with ammonium polyphosphate in flame-retarding polypropylene. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 105:223–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.12.001
Xu F, Zhong L, Zhang C, Wang P, Zhang F, Zhang G (2019) Novel high-efficiency casein-based P–N-containing flame retardants with multiple reactive groups for cotton fabrics. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:13999–14008. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02474
Xu M, Zhao W, Li B (2014) Synthesis of a novel curing agent containing organophosphorus and its application in flame-retarded epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 131:41159. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.41159
Zhang Q, Zhang X, Cheng W, Li Z, Li Q (2020a) In situ-synthesis of calcium alginate nano-silver phosphate hybrid material with high flame retardant and antibacterial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 165:1615–1625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020a.10.085
Zhang Z, Dong C, Liu J, Kong D, Sun L, Lu Z (2020b) Preparation of a synergistic reactive flame retardant based on silicon, phosphorus and nitrogen and its application to cotton fabrics. Cellulose 27:1799–1815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02900-4
Zheng F-T, Yamamoto K, Kanezashi M, Tsuru T, Ohshita J (2018) Preparation of bridged silica RO membranes from copolymerization of bis(triethoxysilyl)ethene/(hydroxymethyl)triethoxysilane. Effects of ethenylene-bridge enhancing water permeability. J Membr Sci 546:173–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.10.025
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 22075158) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. ZR2020ME064).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. All the authors listed have approved the manuscript enclosed.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. In this experiment, we did not collect any samples of humans and animals.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, J., Kong, D., Dong, C. et al. Preparation of a novel P/Si polymer and its synergistic flame retardant application on cotton fabric. Cellulose 28, 8735–8749 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04054-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04054-8