Abstract
Monophasic hybrid cellulose acetate/silica (CASiO2) integrally skinned membranes with tailored hemocompatible surfaces and permeation properties that assure the kidney metabolic functions of preferential permeation of urea and the retention of albumin were synthesized by an innovative method which combines the phase inversion and sol–gel techniques. The morphological and topographical characterization of the hybrid CASiO2 membranes with silica contents between 5 and 18 wt% was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Static contact angles were measured through the sessile drop method and permeation experiments were performed to determine the hydraulic permeability and rejection coefficients to reference solutes pertaining to the metabolic functions of the kidney. SEM confirmed asymmetric membrane cross-section structures and AFM showed that the introduction of silica reduced the submicron surface roughness at least 3 times when compared to the pure CA membrane, reaching a roughness mean value below 2.5 nm. Contact angles revealed that the wettability increased for membranes containing 11 and 18 wt%. Permeation studies show that the integration of silica into CA membranes increased the hydraulic permeability of the hybrid CASiO2 membranes by a factor of ~ 2 and that all hybrid membranes fully permeated urea and completely rejected albumin. In terms of hemocompatibility, all CASiO2 membranes were non-hemolytic, low thrombogenic and did not promote the highest stages of platelet activation.
Graphic abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CA:
-
Cellulose acetate
- HD:
-
Hemodialysis
- MWCO:
-
Molecular weight cut-off
- CA/SiO2 :
-
Cellulose acetate/silica
- SiO2 :
-
Silica or silicon dioxide
- TEOS:
-
Tetraethylorthosilicate
- UF:
-
Ultrafiltration
- PAN:
-
Polyacrylonitrile
- PS:
-
Polysulfone
- PA:
-
Polyamide
- Lp:
-
Hydraulic permeability
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
References
Abe M, Hamano T, Wada A et al (2017) Effect of dialyzer membrane materials on survival in chronic hemodialysis patients: results from the annual survey of the Japanese Nationwide Dialysis Registry. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184424
Ahmad A, Waheed S, Khan SM et al (2015) Effect of silica on the properties of cellulose acetate/polyethylene glycol membranes for reverse osmosis. Desalination 355:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.004
American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) (2000) Practice for assessment of hemolytic properties of materials. ASTM International
Amiji (1998) Platelet adhesion and activation on an amphoteric chitosan derivative bearing sulfonate groups. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 10:263–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7765(98)00005-8
Archibald LK, Khoi NN, Jarvis WR et al (2006) Pyrogenic reactions in hemodialysis patients, Hanoi, Vietnam. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 27:424–426. https://doi.org/10.1086/503347
Arthanareeswaran G, Sriyamuna Devi TK, Raajenthiren M (2008) Effect of silica particles on cellulose acetate blend ultrafiltration membranes: part I. Sep Purif Technol 64:38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.08.010
Besteiro MC, Guiomar AJ, Gonçalves CA et al (2010) Characterization and in vitro hemocompatibility of bi-soft segment, polycaprolactone-based poly(ester urethane urea) membranes. J Biomed Mater Res A 93:954–964. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32594
Bifari EN, Bahadar Khan S, Alamry KA et al (2016) Cellulose acetate based nanocomposites for biomedical applications: a review. Curr Pharm Des 22:3007–3019
Bonakdar S, Orang F, Rafienia M, Imani R (2008) Comparison of the effect of hydrophilicity on biocompatibility and platelet adhesion of two different kinds of biomaterials. Iran J Pharm Sci 4:37–44
Brinker J, Scherer G (1990) Sol–gel science: the physics and chemistry of sol–gel processing presents the physical and chemical principles of the sol–gel process. Gulf Professional Publishing, Houston
Byrom MJ, Bannon PG, White GH, Ng MKC (2010) Animal models for the assessment of novel vascular conduits. J Vasc Surg 52:176–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2009.10.080
Chen W, Su Y, Zhang L et al (2010) In situ generated silica nanoparticles as pore-forming agent for enhanced permeability of cellulose acetate membranes. J Membr Sci 348:75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.10.042
Clark WR, Hamburger RJ, Lysaght MJ (1999) Effect of membrane composition and structure on solute removal and biocompatibility in hemodialysis. Kidney Int 56:2005–2015. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00784.x
Corobea MC, Muhulet O, Miculescu F et al (2016) Novel nanocomposite membranes from cellulose acetate and clay-silica nanowires. Polym Adv Technol 27:1586–1595. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.3835
Cuperus FP, Smolders CA (1991) Characterization of UF membranes: membrane characteristics and characterization techniques. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 34:135–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8686(91)80049-P
Diamantoglou M, Platz J, Vienken J (1999) Cellulose carbamates and derivatives as hemocompatible membrane materials for hemodialysis. Artif Organs 23:15–22
Dias CR, Rosa MJ, de Pinho MN (1998) Structure of water in asymmetric cellulose ester membranes—and ATR-FTIR study. J Membr Sci 138:259–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(97)00226-3
Edgar KJ, Buchanan CM, Debenham JS et al (2001) Advances in cellulose ester performance and application. Prog Polym Sci 9:1605–1688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00027-2
Elsen R, Silva LK (1993) Advantages of meltspun membrane technology compared to solution spinning. Contrib Nephrol 103:125–138
Faria M, Brogueira P, de Pinho MN (2011a) Sub-micron tailoring of bi-soft segment asymmetric polyurethane membrane surfaces with enhanced hemocompatibility properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 86:21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.03.021
Faria M, Geraldes V, de Pinho MN (2011b) Surface characterization of asymmetric bi-soft segment poly(ester urethane urea) membranes for blood-oxygenation medical devices. Int J Biomater 2012:e376321. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/376321
Gastaldello K, Melot C, Kahn R-J et al (2000) Comparison of cellulose diacetate and polysulfone membranes in the outcome of acute renal failure. A prospective randomized study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:224–230. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/15.2.224
Goodman SL (1999) Sheep, pig, and human platelet–material interactions with model cardiovascular biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res 45:240–250. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19990605)45:3%3c240:AID-JBM12%3e3.0.CO;2-C
Hakim NS (ed) (2009) Artificial organs. Springer, London
Hakim RM, Fearon DT, Lazarus JM (1984) Biocompatibility of dialysis membranes: effects of chronic complement activation. Kidney Int 26:194–200
Hoenich NA, Woffindin C, Matthews JN et al (1994) Clinical comparison of high-flux cellulose acetate and synthetic membranes. Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc Eur Ren Assoc 9:60–66
Hoenich NA, Woffindin C, Cox PJ et al (1997) Clinical characterization of Dicea a new cellulose membrane for haemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 48:253–259
Hutter JC, Kuehnert MJ, Wallis RR et al (2000) Acute onset of decreased vision and hearing traced to hemodialysis treatment with aged dialyzers. JAMA 283:2128–2134. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.16.2128
Imai Y, Nosé Y (1972) A new method for evalution of antithrombogenicity of materials. J Biomed Mater Res 6:165–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060305
Ingram AJ, Parbtani A, Churchill DN (1998) Effects of two low-flux cellulose acetate dialysers on plasma lipids and lipoproteins—a cross-over trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc Eur Ren Assoc 13:1452–1457
Keshaviah P, Luehmann D, Ilstrup K, Collins A (1986) Technical requirements for rapid high-efficiency therapies. Artif Organs 10:189–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.1986.tb02543.x
Kónya A, Wright KC, Gounis M, Kandarpa K (2008) Animal models for atherosclerosis, restenosis, and endovascular aneurysm repair. In: Conn PM (ed) Sourcebook of models for biomedical research. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 369–384
Kunst B, Sourirajan S (1974) An approach to the development of cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 18:3423–3434. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070181121
Lipps BJ, Stewart RD, Perkins HA et al (1967) The hollow fiber artificial kidney. ASAIO J 13:200
Loeb S, Sourirajan S (1960) Sea water demineralization by means of an osmotic membrane. Department of Engineering, University of California, California
Lui A, Talbot FDF, Fouda A et al (1988) Studies on the solvent exchange technique for making dry cellulose acetate membranes for the separation of gaseous mixtures. J Appl Polym Sci 36:1809–1820. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070360808
Maidment HJ, Petersen J (1996) The dialysis prescription: reuse. Am J Nephrol 16:52–59. https://doi.org/10.1159/000168970
McCray BS, Vilker VL, Nobe K (1991) Reverse osmosis cellulose acetate membranes II. Dependence of transport properties on acetyl content. J Membr Sci 59:317–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80820-0
Mendes G, Faria M, Carvalho A et al (2018) Structure of water in hybrid cellulose acetate-silica ultrafiltration membranes and permeation properties. Carbohydr Polym 189:342–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.030
Minhas FT, Farrukh S, Hussain A, Mujahid M (2015) Comparison of silica and novel functionalized silica-based cellulose acetate hybrid membranes in gas permeation study. J Polym Res 22:63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-015-0701-y
Murthy BV, Sundaram S, Jaber BL et al (1998) Effect of formaldehyde/bleach reprocessing on in vivo performances of high-efficiency cellulose and high-flux polysulfone dialyzers. J Am Soc Nephrol JASN 9:464–472
Naghsh M, Sadeghi M, Moheb A et al (2012) Separation of ethylene/ethane and propylene/propane by cellulose acetate–silica nanocomposite membranes. J Membr Sci 423:97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.07.032
Najafi M, Sadeghi M, Bolverdi A et al (2018) Gas permeation properties of cellulose acetate/silica nanocomposite membrane. Adv Polym Technol. https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.21862
Neumann ME (1996) CDC puzzled over neurological disorders at Ala. dialysis unit. Impact of dialyzer age questioned. Nephrol. News Issues 10(11):9
Nurkhamidah S, Rahmawati Y, Taufany F et al (2015) Effect of silica particle size in cellulose membrane for desalination process. AIP Conf Proc 1699:060019. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4938373
Oba T, Tsuji K, Nakamura A et al (1984) Migration of acetylated hemicellulose from capillary hemodialyzer to blood, causing scleritis and/or iritis. Artif Organs 8:429–435
Patel R, Vertes V, Bloomfield D, Levy M (1967) Improvements in use of the twin-coil kidney for chronic dialysis in a large center. ASAIO J 13:5
Pedrini LA, Krisp C, Gmerek A, Wolters DA (2014) Patterns of proteins removed with high-flux membranes on high-volume hemodiafiltration detected with a multidimensional LC–MS/MS strategy. Blood Purif 38:115–126. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365745
Pollard TL, Barnett BMS, Eschbach JW, Scribner BH (1967) A technique for storage and multiple re-use of the kill dialyzer and blood tubing. ASAIO J 13:24
Queiroz DP, Pinto IM, Besteiro MCF et al (2006) Surface and hemocompatibility studies of bi-soft segment polyurethane membranes. Int J Artif Organs 29:866–872
Rakhshan N, Pakizeh M (2016) The effect of functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles on the morphology and triazines separation properties of cellulose acetate membranes. J Ind Eng Chem 34:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2015.10.031
Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE (2012) Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine. Academic Press, New York
Sabir A, Islam A, Shafiq M et al (2015) Novel polymer matrix composite membrane doped with fumed silica particles for reverse osmosis desalination. Desalination 368:159–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.12.041
Sabir A, Shafiq M, Islam A et al (2016) Conjugation of silica nanoparticles with cellulose acetate/polyethylene glycol 300 membrane for reverse osmosis using MgSO4 solution. Carbohydr Polym 136:551–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.042
Schaefer RM, Fink E, Schaefer L et al (1993) Role of bradykinin in anaphylactoid reactions during hemodialysis with AN69 dialyzers. Am J Nephrol 13:473–477. https://doi.org/10.1159/000168666
Smolders CA, Reuvers AJ, Boom RM, Wienk IM (1992) Microstructures in phase-inversion membranes: part 1 formation of macrovoids. J Membr Sci 73:259–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(92)80134-6
Soedarto H (2014) Cellulose acetate membrane with improved perm-selectivity through modification dope composition and solvent evaporation for water softening. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol 7(18):3852–3859
Speeckaert MM, Glorieux GL, Vanholder R et al (2008) Vitamin D binding protein and the need for Vitamin D in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 18:400–407. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2008.04.013
Taha AA, Wu Y, Wang H, Li F (2012) Preparation and application of functionalized cellulose acetate/silica composite nanofibrous membrane via electrospinning for Cr(VI) ion removal from aqueous solution. J Environ Manag 112:10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.05.031
Tsaltas TT (1967) Comparison of various methods of dialysis: subjective experiences and laboratory data. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 13:29–32
Vanholder R, De Smet R, Glorieux G et al (2003) Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability. Kidney Int 63:1934–1943. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x
Vienken J (2010) Membranes in hemodialysis. In: Peinemann K-V, Nunes SP (eds) Membranes for the life sciences. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 1–48
Vos KD, Hatcher AP, Merten U (1966) Lifetime of cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes. IEC Prod Res Dev 5:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1021/i360019a002
Ward RA, Klein E, Harding GB, Murchison KE (1988) Response of complement and neutrophils to hydrophilized synthetic membranes. ASAIO Trans 34:334–337
Weissinger EM, Kaiser T, Meert N et al (2004) Proteomics: a novel tool to unravel the patho-physiology of uraemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc Eur Ren Assoc 19:3068–3077. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfh509
Yuan Y, Lee TR (2013) Contact angle and wetting properties. Surface science techniques. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–34
Zou H, Wu S, Shen J (2008) Polymer/silica nanocomposites: preparation, characterization, properties, and applications. Chem Rev 108:3893–3957. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr068035q
Acknowledgments
The present work was Funded by FCT through UID/QUI/00100/2013 and PTDC/CTM-BIO/6178/2014 Project and CeFEMA through UID/CTM/04540/201.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Faria, M., Moreira, C., Eusébio, T. et al. Hybrid flat sheet cellulose acetate/silicon dioxide ultrafiltration membranes for uremic blood purification. Cellulose 27, 3847–3869 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-02985-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-02985-2