Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nanofibrillated cellulose obtained from soybean hull using simple and eco-friendly processes based on reactive extrusion

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Cellulose Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to produce nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) from soybean hull (SH) by reactive extrusion and by bleaching with peracetic acid in combination with reactive extrusion, with both processes followed by an ultrasonication step, and to characterize the obtained materials according to chemical composition, morphology, crystallinity and thermal stability. Raw SH presented 32.91% cellulose, 3.05% hemicellulose and 2.05% lignin. The NFC sample prepared by reactive extrusion (ESH3-NFC sample) was submitted to three sequential extrusion steps. The first step involved extrusion with NaOH (10% w/w) and was followed by two sequential extrusion steps with H2SO4 (2% w/w); at the end of these processes, the product presented 78.20% cellulose, 1.50% hemicellulose and 1.49% lignin. The sample prepared by bleaching with peracetic acid followed by one extrusion step with H2SO4 (BESH-NFC sample) presented 92.03% cellulose, 0.56% hemicellulose and 1.32% lignin. Both processes of reactive extrusion and bleaching with peracetic acid combined with reactive extrusion were effective for obtaining NFC from SH, resulting in nanofibers with diameters of 80–100 nm, relative crystallinity indexes of 62 and 73%, and yields of 50 and 60%, respectively, as well as a higher thermal stability than that of SH. The proposed processes presented advantages, such as simplicity, reduced amounts of generated effluents and decreased time and number of washes employed during the obtainment of NFC when compared to several conventional processes based on combinations of chemical and mechanical treatments.

Graphic abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • AACC – American Association of Cereal Chemists (1990) Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. AACC, St. Paul

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdul Khalil HPS, Davoudpour Y, Islam MN, Mustaphaa A, Sudeshd K, Dungani R, Jawaid M (2014) Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using various mechanical processes: a review. Carbohydr Polym 99:649–665

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alemdar A, Sain M (2008) Isolation and characterization of nanofibers from agricultural residues—wheat straw and soy hulls. Bioresour Technol 99:1664–1671

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AOAC – Official Methods of Analysis (2003) 14th ed. Ass. Off. Analytical. Chem. Washington, USA, 2003

  • Arevalo-Gallegos A, Ahmad Z, Asgher M, Parra-Saldivar R, Iqbal HMN (2017) Lignocellulose: a sustainable material to produce value-added products with a zero waste approach—a review. Int J Biol Macromol 99:308–318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baati R, Magnin A, Boufi S (2017) High solid content production of nanofibrillar cellulose via continuous extrusion. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:2350–2359

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berglund L, Noël M, Aitomäki Y, Öman T, Oskman K (2016) Production potential of cellulose nanofibers from industrial residues: efficiency and nanofibers characteristics. Ind Crop Prod 92:84–92

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boufi S, Chaker A (2016) Easy production of cellulose nanofibrils from corn stalk by a conventional high speed blender. Ind Crop Prod 93:39–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho DM, Mosera C, Lindströma ME, Sevastyanova O (2019) Impact of the chemical composition of cellulosic materials on the nanofibrillation process and nanopaper properties. Ind Crop Prod 127:203–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaker A, Mutjé P, Vilar MR, Boufi S (2014) Agriculture crop residues as a source for the production of nanofibrillated cellulose with low energy demand. Cellulose 21:4247–4259

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen W, Yu H, Liu Y, Hai Y, Zhang M, Chen P (2011) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from four plant cellulose fibers using a chemical-ultrasonic process. Cellulose 18:433–442

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conab—Nacional Supply Company (2018) Harvesting 2017/2018 of Brazil. IOP PublishingPhysicsWeb.http://www.conab.gov.br/OlalaCMS/uploads/arquivos/18_03_13_14_15_33_grao_marco_2018.pdf. Accessed 3 April 2018

  • Debiagi F, Faria-Tischer PCS, Mali S (2018) Cellulose and nanocellulose produced from lignocellulosic residues by reactive extrusion. In: Ayoub A, Lucia L (eds) Biomass extrusion and reaction technologies: principles to practices and future potential. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 227–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrer A, Salas C, Rojas OJ (2016) Physical, thermal, chemical and rheological characterization of cellulosic microfibrils and microparticles produced from soybean hulls. Ind Crops Prod 84:337–343

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flauzino-Neto WP, Mariano M, Silva ISV, Silvério HA, Putauxe JL, Otaguro H, Pasquini D, Dufresne A (2016) Mechanical properties of natural rubber nanocomposites reinforced with high aspect ratio cellulose nanocrystals isolated from soy hulls. Carbohydr Polym 153:143–152

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fung WY, Yuen KH, Liong MT (2010) Characterization of fibrous residues from agrowastes and the production of nanofibers. J Agric Food Chem 58:8077–8084

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • García A, Gandini A, Labidi J, Belgacem N, Bras J (2016) Industrial and crop wastes: a new source for nanocellulose biorefinery. Ind Crops Prod 93:26–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan SS, Williams GA, Jaiswal AK (2018) Emerging technologies for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 262:310–318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho TTT, Abe K, Zimmermann T, Yano H (2015) Nanofibrillation of pulp fibers by twin-screw extrusion. Cellulose 22:421–433

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain Z, Sajjad W, Khan T, Wahid F (2019) Production of bacterial cellulose from industrial wastes: a review. Cellulose. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02307-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM, Ishak MR, Zainudin ES (2019) Sugar palm nanofibrillated cellulose [Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr]: effect of cycles on their yield, physic-chemical, morphological and thermal behavior. Int J Biol Macromol 123:379–388

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwamoto S, Nakagaito AN, Yano H (2007) Nano-fibrillation of pulp fibers for the processing of transparent nanocomposites. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 89:461–466

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janoobi M, Oladi M, Davoudpour Y, Oskman K, Dufresne A, Hamzeh Y, Davoodi R (2015) Different preparation methods and properties of nanostructured cellulose from various natural resources and residues: a review. Cellulose 22:935–969

    Google Scholar 

  • Jongaroontaprangsee S, Chiewchan N, Devahastin S (2018) Production of nanocellulose from lime residues using chemical-free technology. Mater Today Proc 5:11095–11100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kargarzadeh H, Ioelovich M, Ahmad I, Thomas S, Dufresne A (2017) Methods for extraction of nanocellulose fromvarious sources. In: Kargarzadeh H, Ahmad I, Thomas S, Dufresne A (eds) Handbook of nanocellulose and cellulose nanocomposites, 1st edn. Wiley, New York, pp 1–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang T, Wang L (2015) An environmentally safe and nondestructive process for bleaching birch veneer with peracetic acid. J Clean Prod 92:37–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindström T (2017) Aspects on nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) processing, rheology and NFC-film properties. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 29:68–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Meng F, Wang G, Du X, Wang Z, Xu S, Zhang Y (2019) Extraction and characterization of cellulose nanofibers and nanocrystals from liquefied banana pseudo-stem residue. Compos B 160:341–347

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merci A, Urbano A, Grossmann MVE, Tischer CA, Mali S (2015) Properties of microcrystalline cellulose extracted from soybean hulls by reactive extrusion. Food Res Int 73:38–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morán JI, Alvarez AV, Cyras VP, Vázquez A (2008) Extraction of cellulose and preparation of nanocellulose from sisal fibers. Cellulose 15:149–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Naderi A, Koschella A, Heinze T, Shihc KC, Niehc MP, Pfeifer A, Change CC, Erlandsson J (2017) Sulfoethylated nanofibrillated cellulose: production and properties. Carbohydr Polym 169:515–523

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nuruddin M, Hosur M, Uddin MJ, Baah D, Jeelani S (2015) A novel approach for extracting cellulose nanofibers from lignocellulosic biomass by ball milling combined with chemical treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 133:42990

    Google Scholar 

  • Paschoal GB, Muller CMO, Carvalho GM, Tischer CA, Mali S (2015) Isolation and characterization of nanofibrillated cellulose from oat hulls. Quím Nova 38:478–482

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qu X, Alvarez PJJ, Li Q (2013) Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment. Water Res 47:3931–3946

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishnan A, Ravishankar K, Dhamodharan R (2019) Preparation of nanofibrillated cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose from surgical cotton and cellulose pulp in hot-glycerol medium. Cellulose. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02312-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravindran L, Sreekala MS, Thomas S (2018) Novel processing parameters for the extraction of cellulose nanofibres (CNF) from environmentally benign pineapple leaf fibres (PALF): structure-property relationships. Int J Biol Macromol 131:858–870

    Google Scholar 

  • Rojas MJ, Siqueira PF, Miranda LC, Tardioli PW, Giordano RLC (2014) Sequential proteolysis and cellulolytic hydrolysis of soybean hulls for oligopeptides and ethanol production. Ind Crops Prod 61:202–210

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rol F, Karakashov B, Nechyporchuk O, Terrien M, Meyer V, Dufresne A, Belgacem MN, Bras J (2017) Pilot-scale twin screw extrusion and chemical pretreatment as an energy-efficient method for the production of nanofibrillate cellulose at high solid content. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:6524–6531

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sango T, Yona AMC, Duchatel L, Marin A, Ndikontar MK, Joly N, LefebvreJ-M (2018) Step–wise multi–scale deconstruction of banana pseudo–stem (Musa acuminata) biomass and morpho–mechanical characterization of extracted long fibres for sustainable applications. Ind Crops Prod 122:657–668

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segal L, Creely JJ, Martin AE, Conrad CM (1959) An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer. Text Res J 29:786–794

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Souza LO, Lessa OA, Dia MC, Tonoli GHD, Rezende VB, Martins MA, Neves ICO, Resende JV, Carvalho GEN, Vilas-Boas GVB, Oliveira JR, Franco M (2019) Carbohydr Polym 214:152–159

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • TAPPI TEST METHOD T222 om-88 (1999) Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp. In: Tappi Test Methods. Tappi Press, Atlanta

  • Thambiraj S, Shankaran RD (2017) Preparation and physicochemical characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from industrial waste cotton. Appl Surf Sci 412:405–416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tibolla H, Pelissari FM, Martins JT, Vicente AA, Menegalli FC (2018) Cellulose nanofibers produced from banana peel by chemical and mechanical treatments: characterization and cytotoxicity assessment. Food Hydroccoloid 75:192–201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valdebenito F, Pereira M, Ciudad G, Briones R, Chinga-Carrasco G (2017) On the nanofibrillation of corn husks and oat hulls fibres. Ind Crops Prod 95:528–534

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Soest PJ (1965) Symposium on factors influencing the voluntary intake of herbage by ruminants: voluntary intake in relation to chemical composition and digestibility. J Anim Sci 24:834–843

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Sain M, Oskman K (2007) Study of structural morphology of hemp fiber from the micro to the nanoscale. Appl Compos Mater 14:89–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao XB, Wang L, Liu DH (2008) Peracetic acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for enzymatic hydrolysis: a continued work. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 83:950–956

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis (LMEM) and the Laboratory of X-Ray Diffraction (LARX), State University of Londrina, for the analyses, Fundação Araucária - Brazil for providing financial support and CAPES-DS for the Flávia Debiagi grant.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CCE, State University of Londrina, PO BOX 6001, Londrina, PR, 86051-990, Brazil

    Flávia Debiagi, Paula C. S. Faria-Tischer & Suzana Mali

Authors
  1. Flávia Debiagi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paula C. S. Faria-Tischer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Suzana Mali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Suzana Mali.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Debiagi, F., Faria-Tischer, P.C.S. & Mali, S. Nanofibrillated cellulose obtained from soybean hull using simple and eco-friendly processes based on reactive extrusion. Cellulose 27, 1975–1988 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02893-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02893-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation