Abstract
Chitosan exhibits a wide range of bio-properties, including biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, and biodegradability. In this study, we prepared bionanocomposites by using chitosan/gelatin with different concentrations of silver-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles. The silver-loaded ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol–gel method with a gelatin template. The bionanocomposite films were prepared via green chemistry approach, using a solution casting method. The bionanocomposites were well-characterized using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and stability and rheological studies. The enhanced antibacterial activity of the bionanocomposites was studied. Swelling tests were performed by varying the pH of the test solution. The mechanical and thermal properties of the biopolymer matrix were improved by introduction of small amounts of Ag@ZnO. Overall, our results suggest that the bionanocomposites have the potential to increase the efficiency of tissue engineering and thus could serve as suitable materials for biomedical and antimicrobial packaging applications.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmed S, Ikram S (2016) Chitosan based scaffolds and their applications in wound healing achievements in the. Life Sci 10:27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.als.2016.04.001
Anitha A et al (2014) Chitin and chitosan in selected biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 39:1644–1667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.02.008
Archana D, Dutta J, Dutta PK (2013a) Evaluation of chitosan nano dressing for wound healing: characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Biol Macromol 57:193–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.03.002
Archana D, Singh BK, Dutta J, Dutta PK (2013b) In vivo evaluation of chitosan–PVP–titanium dioxide nanocomposite as wound dressing material. Carbohydr Polym 95:530–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.034
Archana D, Singh BK, Dutta J, Dutta PK (2015) Chitosan-PVP-nano silver oxide wound dressing: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol 73:49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.10.055
Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M (1966) Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol 45:493–496
Chávez de Paz EL, Resin A, Howard KA, Sutherland DS, Wejse PL (2011) Antimicrobial effect of chitosan nanoparticles on streptococcus mutans biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:3892–3895
Datta LP, Chatterjee A, Acharya K, De P, Das M (2017) Enzyme responsive nucleotide functionalized silver nanoparticles with effective antimicrobial and anticancer activity. New J Chem 41:1538–1548. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NJ02955H
Djaja NF, Montja DA, Saleh R (2013) The effect of Co incorporation into ZnO nanoparticles. Adv Mater Phys Chem 3:33–41
Garg P, Kumar S, Pandey S, Seonwoo H, Choung P-H, Koh J, Chung JH (2013) Triphenylamine coupled chitosan with high buffering capacity and low viscosity for enhanced transfection in mammalian cells, in vitro and in vivo. J Mater Chem B 1:6053–6065. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3tb20939c
Hosseinnejad M, Jafari SM (2016) Evaluation of different factors affecting antimicrobial properties of chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 85:467–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.022
Huang Y, Onyeri S, Siewe M, Moshfeghian A, Madihally SV (2005) In vitro characterization of chitosan–gelatin scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 26:7616–7627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.036
Jain T, Kumar S, Dutta PK (2016) Dibutyrylchitin nanoparticles as novel drug carrier. Int J Biol Macromol 82:1011–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.031
Jain A, Kumar S, Seena S (2019) Can low concentrations of metal oxide and Ag loaded metal oxide nanoparticles pose a risk to stream plant litter microbial decomposers? Sci Total Environ 653:930–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.376
Jalal R, Goharshadi EK, Abareshi M, Moosavi M, Yousefi A, Nancarrow P (2010) ZnO nanofluids: green synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity. Mater Chem Phys 121:198–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.01.020
Kammoun M, Haddar M, Kallel TK, Dammak M, Sayari A (2013) Biological properties and biodegradation studies of chitosan biofilms plasticized with PEG and glycerol. Int J Biol Macromol 62:433–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.09.025
Kashyap M, Dutta J, Gupta MK, Dutta PK (2017) Preparation and characterization of chitosan based hydrogel formulation by using acetic acid, glycerol and propylene glycol for wound healing application. Asian Chitin J 13:25–30
Kumar S, Koh J (2012) Physiochemical, optical and biological activity of chitosan-chromone derivative for biomedical applications. Int J Mol Sci 13:6102–6116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13056102
Kumar S, Koh J (2014) Physiochemical and optical properties of chitosan based graphene oxide bionanocomposite. Int J Biol Macromol 70:559–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.07.019
Kumar H, Rani R (2013) Structural and optical characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by microemulsion route international letters of chemistry. Phys Astron 19:26–36
Kumar S, Dutta J, Dutta PK (2009) Preparation and characterization of N-heterocyclic chitosan derivative based gels for biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 45:330–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.08.002
Kumar S, Nigam N, Ghosh T, Dutta PK, Yadav RS, Pandey AC (2010) Preparation, characterization, and optical properties of a chitosan–anthraldehyde crosslinkable film. J Appl Polym Sci 115:3056–3062. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.31385
Kumar S, Dutta PK, Koh J (2011) A physico-chemical and biological study of novel chitosan–chloroquinoline derivative for biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 49:356–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.05.017
Kumar S et al (2015) Enhanced chitosan-DNA interaction by 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane coupling for an efficient transfection in cancer cells. J Mater Chem B 3:3465–3475. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tb02070g
Kumar S, Wani MY, Koh J, Gil JM, Sobral AJFN (2018) Carbon dioxide adsorption and cycloaddition reaction of epoxides using chitosan–graphene oxide nanocomposite as a catalyst. J Environ Sci 69:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.013
Kumar S, Krishnakumar B, Sobral AJFN, Koh J (2019) Bio-based (chitosan/PVA/ZnO) nanocomposites film: thermally stable and photoluminescence material for removal of organic dye. Carbohydr Polym 205:559–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.108
Li L-H, Deng J-C, Deng H-R, Liu Z-L, Li X-L (2010) Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activities of chitosan/Ag/ZnO blend films. Chem Eng J 160:378–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.03.051
Liu H, Du Y, Wang X, Sun L (2004) Chitosan kills bacteria through cell membrane damage. Int J Food Microbiol 95:147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.01.022
Nguyen KC, Seligy VL, Massarsky A, Moon TW, Rippstein P, Tan J, Tayabali AF (2013) Comparison of toxicity of uncoated and coated silver nanoparticles. J Phys Conf Ser 429:012025
Nigam N, Kumar S, Dutta PK, Ghosh T (2009) Preparation and characterization of chitosan based silver nanocomposites as bio-optical material. Asian Chitin J 5:97–100
Okay O, Oppermann W (2007) Polyacrylamide–clay nanocomposite hydrogels: rheological and light scattering characterization. Macromolecules 40:3378–3387. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma062929v
Patil SS et al (2014) Nanostructured microspheres of silver @ zinc oxide: an excellent impeder of bacterial growth and biofilm. J Nanopart Res 16:2717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2717-3
Praus P, Dvorský R, Kovář P, Svoboda L (2014) Agglomeration of ZnS nanoparticles without capping additives at different temperatures. Cent Eur J Chem 12:312–317. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11532-013-0385-2
Rai S, Singh BK, Bhartiya P, Singh A, Kumar H, Dutta PK, Mehrotra GK (2017) Lignin derived reduced fluorescence carbon dots with theranostic approaches: nano-drug-carrier and bioimaging. J Lumin 190:492–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2017.06.008
Sayyar S, Gambhir S, Chung J, Officer DL, Wallace GG (2017) 3D printable conducting hydrogels containing chemically converted graphene. Nanoscale 9:2038–2050. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr07516a
Shah JB (2011) The history of wound care. J Am Coll Certif Wound Spec 3:65–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcws.2012.04.002
Shalumon KT, Anulekha KH, Nair SV, Nair SV, Chennazhi KP, Jayakumar R (2011) Sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol)/nano ZnO composite nanofibers for antibacterial wound dressings. Int J Biol Macromol 49:247–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.04.005
Sudheesh Kumar PT et al (2012) Flexible and microporous chitosan hydrogel/nano ZnO composite bandages for wound dressing: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:2618–2629. https://doi.org/10.1021/am300292v
Taki A, John B, Arakawa S, Okamoto M (2013) Structure and rheology of nanocomposite hydrogels composed of DNA and clay. Eur Polym J 49:923–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.10.013
Tiwari A, Prince A, Arakha M, Jha S, Saleem M (2018) Passive membrane penetration by ZnO nanoparticles is driven by the interplay of electrostatic and phase boundary conditions. Nanoscale 10:3369–3384. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR08351C
Tripathi P, Gupta AK, Dutta PK (2013) Titanium dioxide impregnated chitosan based nanocomposite: a facile approach for superior antibacterial assessment for food packaging. Asian Chitin J 9:7–10
Verma J, Kanoujia J, Parashar P, Tripathi CB, Saraf SA (2017) Wound healing applications of sericin/chitosan-capped silver nanoparticles incorporated hydrogel. Drug Deliv Transl Res 7:77–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-016-0322-y
Yazdimamaghani M et al (2014) Green synthesis of a new gelatin-based antimicrobial scaffold for tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 39:235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.03.007
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Fundacão para a Ciência e a Tecnologia Portugal for providing grants for S. K. (SFRH/BPD/86507/2012) and S. S. (SFRH/BPD/103865/2014, UID/MAR/04292/2013). Access to the TAIL-UC facility funded by the QREN-Mais Centro Project ICT/2009/02/012/1890 is gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported by the KU Brain Pool 2019 of Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Murali, S., Kumar, S., Koh, J. et al. Bio-based chitosan/gelatin/Ag@ZnO bionanocomposites: synthesis and mechanical and antibacterial properties. Cellulose 26, 5347–5361 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02457-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02457-2