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From the Lagrange polygon to the figure eight I

Numerical evidence extending a conjecture of Marchal

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Abstract

The present work studies the continuation class of the regular n-gon solution of the n-body problem. For odd numbers of bodies between \(n = 3\) and \(n = 15\), we apply one parameter numerical continuation algorithms to the energy/frequency variable and find that the figure eight choreography can be reached starting from the regular n-gon. The continuation leaves the plane of the n-gon and passes through families of spatial choreographies with the topology of torus knots. Numerical continuation out of the n-gon solution is complicated by the fact that the kernel of the linearization there is high dimensional. Our work exploits a symmetrized version of the problem which admits dense sets of choreography solutions and which can be written as a delay differential equation in terms of one of the bodies. This symmetrized setup simplifies the problem in several ways. On the one hand, the direction of the kernel is determined automatically by the symmetry. On the other hand, the set of possible bifurcations is reduced and the n-gon continues to the eight after a single symmetry breaking bifurcation. Based on the calculations presented here, we conjecture that the n-gon and the eight are in the same continuation class for all odd numbers of bodies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, IIMAS, Mexico City, Mexico

    Renato Calleja & Carlos García-Azpeitia

  2. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Jean-Philippe Lessard

  3. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA

    J. D. Mireles James

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  1. Renato Calleja
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  2. Carlos García-Azpeitia
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  3. Jean-Philippe Lessard
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  4. J. D. Mireles James
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Correspondence to J. D. Mireles James.

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RC was partially supported by UNAM-PAPIIT project IN101020. CGA was partially supported by UNAM-PAPIIT Grant IA100121. JPL was partially supported by an NSERC Discovery Grant. JDMJ was partially supported by NSF Grant DMS-1813501.

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Calleja, R., García-Azpeitia, C., Lessard, JP. et al. From the Lagrange polygon to the figure eight I. Celest Mech Dyn Astr 133, 10 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10569-021-10009-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10569-021-10009-9

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