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A Developmentally Informed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Strength of General Psychopathology in Childhood and Adolescence

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Abstract

Considerable support exists for higher-order dimensional conceptualizations of psychopathology in adults. A growing body of work has focused on understanding the structure of general and specific psychopathology in children and adolescents. No prior meta-analysis has examined whether the strength of the general psychopathology factor (p factor)—measured by explained common variance (ECV)—changes from childhood to adolescence. The primary objective of this multilevel meta-analysis was to determine whether general psychopathology strength changes across development (i.e. across ages) in childhood and adolescence. Several databases were searched in November 2021; 65 studies, with 110 effect sizes (ECV), nested within shared data sources, were identified. Included empirical studies used a factor analytic modeling approach that estimated latent factors for child/adolescent internalizing, externalizing, and optionally thought-disordered psychopathology, and a general factor. Studies spanned ages 2–17 years. Across ages, general psychopathology explained over half (~ 56%) of the reliable variance in symptoms of psychopathology. Age-moderation analyses revealed that general factor strength remained stable across ages, suggesting that general psychopathology strength does not significantly change across childhood to adolescence. Even if the structure of psychopathology changes with development, the prominence of general psychopathology across development has important implications for future research and intervention.

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Funding

The authors and their research were supported by Grants HD098235 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), T32GM108540 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), and UL1TR002537 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS). We acknowledge Drs. Molly Nikolas and Grazyna Kochanska for their invaluable feedback on meta-analysis design. We thank Dr. Kristian Markon for his help with analysis interpretation. We also thank Kelly Hangauer for his assistance and guidance with developing the keywords and search terms. The research questions, hypotheses, search terms, and coding manual were pre-registered with the Open Science Framework (OSF) at https://osf.io/jkupe. The data (https://osf.io/k47cs) and a computational notebook (https://osf.io/5hzka) are also available in the OSF repository.

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  1. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, 340 Iowa Avenue G60, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Jordan L. Harris & Isaac T. Petersen

  2. Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

    Benjamin Swanson

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Harris, J.L., Swanson, B. & Petersen, I.T. A Developmentally Informed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Strength of General Psychopathology in Childhood and Adolescence. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 27, 130–164 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-023-00464-1

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