Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Impact of individual and neighborhood factors on socioeconomic disparities in localized and advanced prostate cancer risk

  • Original paper
  • Published:
Cancer Causes & Control Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

The reasons behind socio-economic disparities in prostate cancer incidence remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that individual-level factors act jointly with neighborhood-level social and built environment factors to influence prostate cancer risk and that specific social and built environment factors contribute to socio-econmic differences in risk.

Methods

We used multi-level data, combining individual-level data (including education and known prostate cancer risk factors) for prostate cancer cases (n = 775) and controls (n = 542) from the San Francisco Bay Area Prostate Cancer Study, a population-based case–control study, with contextual-level data on neighborhood socio-economic status (nSES) and specific social and built environment factors from the California Neighborhoods Data System. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to compute adjusted odds ratios separately for localized and advanced stage prostate cancer while controlling for neighborhood clustering.

Results

We found a more than twofold increased risk of both localized and advanced prostate cancer with increasing levels of nSES, and decreased risk of advanced prostate cancer with increasing levels of education. For localized disease, the nSES association was largely explained by known prostate cancer risk factors and specific neighborhood environment factors; population density, crowding, and residential mobility. For advanced disease, associations with education and nSES were not fully explained by any available individual- or neighborhood-level factors.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate the importance of specific neighborhood social and built environment factors in understanding risk of localized prostate cancer. Further research is needed to understand the factors underpinning the associations between individual- and neighborhood-level SES and risk of advanced prostate cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. American Cancer Society (2017) Cancer facts and figs (2017). American Cancer Society, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  2. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Miller DC, Bishop K, Altekruse S, CL. K, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2013, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2013/, based on November 2015 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2016

  3. Hoffman RM, Gilliland FD, Eley JW, Harlan LC, Stephenson RA, Stanford JL, Albertson PC, Hamilton AS, Hunt WC, Potosky AL (2001) Racial and ethnic differences in advanced-stage prostate cancer: the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 93(5):388–395

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Chornokur G, Dalton K, Borysova ME, Kumar NB (2011) Disparities at presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and survival in African American men, affected by prostate cancer. Prostate 71(9):985–997

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Pudrovska T, Anishkin A (2015) Clarifying the positive association between education and prostate cancer: a Monte Carlo simulation approach. J Appl Gerontol 34(3):293–316

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sanderson M, Coker AL, Perez A, Du XL, Peltz G, Fadden MK (2006) A multilevel analysis of socioeconomic status and prostate cancer risk. Ann Epidemiol 16(12):901–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.02.006

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Cheng I, Witte JS, McClure LA, Shema SJ, Cockburn MG, John EM, Clarke CA (2009) Socioeconomic status and prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates among the diverse population of California. Cancer Causes Control 20(8):1431–1440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-009-9369-0

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Hastert TA, Beresford SA, Sheppard L, White E (2015) Disparities in cancer incidence and mortality by area-level socioeconomic status: a multilevel analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 69(2):168–176. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204417

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Yin D, Morris C, Allen M, Cress R, Bates J, Liu L (2010) Does socioeconomic disparity in cancer incidence vary across racial/ethnic groups? Cancer Causes Control 21(10):1721–1730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-010-9601-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Singh GK, Jemal A (2017) Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in cancer mortality, incidence, and survival in the United States, 1950–2014: over six decades of changing patterns and widening inequalities. J Environ Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2819372

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Ward E, Jemal A, Cokkinides V, Singh GK, Cardinez C, Ghafoor A, Thun M (2004) Cancer disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. CA Cancer J Clin 54(2):78–93

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Oliver MN, Smith E, Siadaty M, Hauck FR, Pickle LW (2006) Spatial analysis of prostate cancer incidence and race in Virginia, 1990–1999. Am J Prev Med 30(2 Suppl):S67–S76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.09.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Major JM, Norman Oliver M, Doubeni CA, Hollenbeck AR, Graubard BI, Sinha R (2012) Socioeconomic status, healthcare density, and risk of prostate cancer among African American and Caucasian men in a large prospective study. Cancer Causes Control 23(7):1185–1191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-012-9988-8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Liu L, Cozen W, Bernstein L, Ross RK, Deapen D (2001) Changing relationship between socioeconomic status and prostate cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 93(9):705–709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Clegg LX, Reichman ME, Miller BA, Hankey BF, Singh GK, Lin YD, Goodman MT, Lynch CF, Schwartz SM, Chen VW, Bernstein L, Gomez SL, Graff JJ, Lin CC, Johnson NJ, Edwards BK (2009) Impact of socioeconomic status on cancer incidence and stage at diagnosis: selected findings from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results: National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Cancer Causes Control 20(4):417–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-008-9256-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Steenland K, Rodriguez C, Mondul A, Calle EE, Thun M (2004) Prostate cancer incidence and survival in relation to education (United States). Cancer Causes Control 15(9):939–945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-004-2231-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Shariff-Marco S, Yang J, John EM, Sangaramoorthy M, Hertz A, Koo J, Nelson DO, Schupp CW, Shema SJ, Cockburn M (2014) Impact of neighborhood and individual socioeconomic status on survival after breast cancer varies by race/ethnicity: the Neighborhood and Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark 23(5):793–811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Macintyre S, Ellaway A, Cummins S (2002) Place effects on health: how can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them? Soc Sci Med 55(1):125–139

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. DeRouen MC, Schupp CW, Koo J, Yang J, Hertz A, Shariff-Marco S, Cockburn M, Nelson DO, Ingles SA, John EM (2018) Impact of individual and neighborhood factors on disparities in prostate cancer survival. Cancer Epidemiol 53:1–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Gomez SL, Shariff-Marco S, DeRouen M, Keegan TH, Yen IH, Mujahid M, Satariano WA, Glaser SL (2015) The impact of neighborhood social and built environment factors across the cancer continuum: current research, methodological considerations, and future directions. Cancer 121(14):2314–2330. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29345

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Bostwick DG, Burke HB, Djakiew D, Euling S, Ho S, Landolph J, Morrison H, Sonawane B, Shifflett T, Waters DJ (2004) Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer 101(S10):2371–2490

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Gomez SL, Glaser SL, McClure LA, Shema SJ, Kealey M, Keegan TH, Satariano WA (2011) The California Neighborhoods Data System: a new resource for examining the impact of neighborhood characteristics on cancer incidence and outcomes in populations. Cancer Causes Control 22(4):631–647

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. John EM, Schwartz GG, Koo J, Van Den Berg D, Ingles SA (2005) Sun exposure, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and risk of advanced prostate cancer. Cancer Res 65(12):5470–5479. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. John EM, Stern MC, Sinha R, Koo J (2011) Meat consumption, cooking practices, meat mutagens, and risk of prostate cancer. Nutr Cancer 63(4):525–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2011.539311

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Semaphore Corporation (2011) ZP4: Address correction data and software. http://www.semaphorecorp.com/zp4/zp4.html

  26. Goldberg DW (2009) The Texas A&M WebGIS Open Source Geocoding Platform. Technical Report No 11. University of South California GIS Research Laboratory, Los Angeles CA

  27. ArcGIS. Version 10 (2011) Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.

  28. Gomez SL, Glaser SL, McClure LA, Shema SJ, Kealey M, Keegan TH, Satariano WA (2011) The California Neighborhoods Data System: a new resource for examining the impact of neighborhood characteristics on cancer incidence and outcomes in populations. Cancer Causes Control 22(4):631–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9736-5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Yost K, Perkins C, Cohen R, Morris C, Wright W (2001) Socioeconomic status and breast cancer incidence in California for different race/ethnic groups. Cancer Causes Control 12(8):703–711

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Keegan TH, Hurley S, Goldberg D, Nelson DO, Reynolds P, Bernstein L, Horn-Ross PL, Gomez SL (2012) The association between neighborhood characteristics and body size and physical activity in the California teachers study cohort. Am J Public Health 102(4):689–697

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Keegan TH, Shariff-Marco S, Sangaramoorthy M, Koo J, Hertz A, Schupp CW, Yang J, John EM, Gomez SL (2014) Neighborhood influences on recreational physical activity and survival after breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 25(10):1295–1308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0431-1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Thornton LE, Pearce JR, Kavanagh AM (2011) Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess the role of the built environment in influencing obesity: a glossary. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 8(1):71

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Robbins AS, Yin D, Parikh-Patel A (2007) Differences in prognostic factors and survival among White men and Black men with prostate cancer, California, 1995–2004. Am J Epidemiol 166(1):71–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm052

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. National Establishment Time-Series (NETS) Database 2009 (2008). Oakland, CA

  35. California Department of Food and Agriculture (2010) California Certified Farmers’ Market Database

  36. Shariff-Marco S, Gomez SL, Sangaramoorthy M, Yang J, Koo J, Hertz A, John EM, Cheng I, Keegan TH (2015) Impact of neighborhoods and body size on survival after breast cancer diagnosis. Health Place 36:162–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.10.003

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Gunier RB, Hertz A, Von Behren J, Reynolds P (2003) Traffic density in California: socioeconomic and ethnic differences among potentially exposed children. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 13(3):240–246. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500276

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Baade PD, Yu XQ, Smith DP, Dunn J, Chambers SK (2015) Geographic disparities in prostate cancer outcomes–review of international patterns. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 16(3):1259–1275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Baquet CR, Horm JW, Gibbs T, Greenwald P (1991) Socioeconomic factors and cancer incidence among blacks and whites. J Natl Cancer Inst 83(8):551–557

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Meijer M, Bloomfield K, Engholm G (2013) Neighbourhoods matter too: the association between neighbourhood socioeconomic position, population density and breast, prostate and lung cancer incidence in Denmark between 2004 and 2008. J Epidemiol Community Health 67(1):6–13. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2011-200192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Obertova Z, Brown C, Holmes M, Lawrenson R (2012) Prostate cancer incidence and mortality in rural men—a systematic review of the literature. Rural Remote Health 12(2):2039

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Blewett LA, Johnson PJ, Lee B, Scal PB (2008) When a usual source of care and usual provider matter: adult prevention and screening services. J Gen Intern Med 23(9):1354

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Sarfaty M, Wender R, Smith R (2011) Promoting cancer screening within the patient centered medical home. CA Cancer J Clin 61(6):397–408. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Ferrante JM, Balasubramanian BA, Hudson SV, Crabtree BF (2010) Principles of the patient-centered medical home and preventive services delivery. Ann Fam Med 8(2):108–116. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1080

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Fisher ES (2008) Building a medical neighborhood for the medical home. N Engl J Med 359(12):1202–1205. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp0806233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Zafar SY, Peppercorn JM, Schrag D, Taylor DH, Goetzinger AM, Zhong X, Abernethy AP (2013) The financial toxicity of cancer treatment: a pilot study assessing out-of-pocket expenses and the insured cancer patient’s experience. Oncologist 18(4):381–390

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD (2010) Decline in US breast cancer rates after the Women’s Health Initiative: socioeconomic and racial/ethnic differentials. Am J Public Health 100(Suppl 1):S132–S139. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181628

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Gomez SL, Hurley S, Canchola AJ, Keegan TH, Cheng I, Murphy JD, Clarke CA, Glaser SL, Martinez ME (2016) Effects of marital status and economic resources on survival after cancer: a population-based study. Cancer 122(10):1618–1625. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29885

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Jennifer Jain for her help with manuscript preparation.

Funding

This work was supported by Grant W81XWH-10-1-0374 (SLG) from the United States Army Medical Research and Material Command. Data collection for the parent study was funded by Grants 864A-8702-S3514 and 99-00527V-10182 (EMJ) from the Cancer Research Fund, under Interagency Agreement #97-12013 (University of California contract #98-0092-V) with the Department of Health Services Cancer Research Program. The collection of cancer incidence data used in this study was supported by the California Department of Public Health as part of the statewide cancer reporting program mandated by California Health and Safety Code Section 103885; the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program under contract HHSN261201000140C awarded to the Cancer Prevention Institute of California, contract HHSN261201000035C awarded to the University of Southern California, and contract HHSN261201000034C awarded to the Public Health Institute; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Program of Cancer Registries, under agreement U58DP003862-01 awarded to the California Department of Public Health. The ideas and opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and endorsement by the State of California, Department of Public Health the National Cancer Institute, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or their Contractors and Subcontractors is not intended nor should be inferred.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA

    Mindy C. DeRouen, Clayton W. Schupp, Juan Yang, Jocelyn Koo, Andrew Hertz, Salma Shariff-Marco, David O. Nelson, Iona Cheng, Esther M. John & Scarlett L. Gomez

  2. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, Mission Hall, 550 16th Street, 2nd Floor, UCSF Box 0560, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA

    Mindy C. DeRouen, Juan Yang, Salma Shariff-Marco, Iona Cheng & Scarlett L. Gomez

  3. Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, Fremont, CA, USA

    Mindy C. DeRouen, Juan Yang, Salma Shariff-Marco, Iona Cheng & Scarlett L. Gomez

  4. UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Mindy C. DeRouen, Salma Shariff-Marco, Iona Cheng & Scarlett L. Gomez

  5. Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Myles Cockburn & Sue A. Ingles

  6. Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

    Esther M. John

  7. Department of Health Research Policy (Epidemiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

    Esther M. John

Authors
  1. Mindy C. DeRouen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Clayton W. Schupp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Juan Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jocelyn Koo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Andrew Hertz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Salma Shariff-Marco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Myles Cockburn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. David O. Nelson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Sue A. Ingles
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Iona Cheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Esther M. John
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Scarlett L. Gomez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mindy C. DeRouen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

DeRouen, M.C., Schupp, C.W., Yang, J. et al. Impact of individual and neighborhood factors on socioeconomic disparities in localized and advanced prostate cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control 29, 951–966 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-018-1071-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-018-1071-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation