Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: does timing of presentation affect outcome?

  • Epidemiology
  • Published:
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) comprises breast cancer diagnosed during the gestational period or within 12 months postpartum. While the incidence of PABC appears to be increasing, data regarding prognosis remain limited.

Methods

Here we evaluate clinicopathologic features, treatments, and clinical outcomes among women with stage 0-III PABC diagnosed between 1992 and 2020. Comparisons were made between women who were diagnosed with PABC during gestation and those who were diagnosed within 12 months postpartum.

Results

A total of 341 women were identified, with a median age of 36 years (range 25–46). The pregnancy group comprised 119 (35%) women, while 222 (65%) women made up the postpartum group. Clinicopathologic features were similar between groups, with most patients being parous and presenting with stage I and II disease. Treatment delays were uncommon, with a median time from histologic diagnosis to treatment of 4 weeks for both groups. Recurrence-free survival was similar between groups: 67% at 10 years for both. While 10-year overall survival appeared higher in the postpartum group (83% versus 78%, p = 0.02), only the presence of nodal metastases was associated with an increased risk of death (hazard ratio 5.61, 95% CI 2.20–14.3, p < 0.001), whereas timing of diagnosis and receptor profile did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusion

Clinicopathologic features of women with PABC are similar regardless of timing of diagnosis. While 10-year recurrence-free survival is similar between groups, 10-year overall survival is higher among women diagnosed postpartum; however, timing of diagnosis may not be the driving factor in determining survival outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not shareable based on Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center institutional policy.

Abbreviations

PABC:

Pregnancy-associated breast cancer

AJCC:

American Joint Committee on Cancer

HR:

Hormone receptor

HER2:

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

ER:

Estrogen receptor

PR:

Progesterone receptor

TN:

Triple negative

IQR:

Interquartile range

AC-T:

Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide, followed by treatment with Taxol

CMF:

Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil

CI:

Confidence interval

References

  1. Albrektsen G, Heuch I, Hansen S, Kvale G (2005) Breast cancer risk by age at birth, time since birth and time intervals between births: exploring interaction effects. Br J Cancer 92(1):167–175. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6602302

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Lambe M, Hsieh C, Trichopoulos D, Ekbom A, Pavia M, Adami HO (1994) Transient increase in the risk of breast cancer after giving birth. N Engl J Med 331(1):5–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199407073310102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mathews T, Hamilton B (2016) Mean age of mothers is on the rise: United States, 2000–2013. NCHS Data Brief 232:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cottreau CM, Dashevsky I, Andrade SE, Li D-K, Nekhlyudov L, Raebel MA, Ritzwoller DP, Partridge AH, Pawloski PA, Toh S (2019) Pregnancy-associated cancer:a U.S. population-based study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 28(2):250–257. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.6962

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Anderson BO, Petrek JA, Byrd DR, Senie RT, Borgen PI (1996) Pregnancy influences breast cancer stage at diagnosis in women 30 years of age and younger. Ann Surg Oncol 3(2):204–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02305802

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ishida T, Yokoe T, Kasumi F, Sakamoto G, Makita M, Tominaga T, Simozuma K, Enomoto K, Fujiwara K, Nanasawa T et al (1992) Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of breast cancer patients associated with pregnancy and lactation: analysis of case-control study in Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 83(11):1143–1149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.1992.tb02737.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Lethaby AE, O’Neill MA, Mason BH, Holdaway IM, Harvey VJ (1996) Overall survival from breast cancer in women pregnant or lactating at or after diagnosis. Auckland breast cancer study group. Int J Cancer 67(6):751–755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Gallenberg MM, Loprinzi CL (1989) Breast cancer and pregnancy. Semin Oncol 16(5):369–376

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Nugent P, O’Connell TX (1985) Breast cancer and pregnancy. Arch Surg 120(11):1221–1224. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1985.01390350007001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gemignani ML, Petrek JA (2000) Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: diagnosis and treatment. Breast J 6(1):68–73. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4741.2000.99039.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Amant F, von Minckwitz G, Han SN, Bontenbal M, Ring AE, Giermek J, Wildiers H, Fehm T, Linn SC, Schlehe B, Neven P, Westenend PJ, Muller V, Van Calsteren K, Rack B, Nekljudova V, Harbeck N, Untch M, Witteveen PO, Schwedler K, Thomssen C, Van Calster B, Loibl S (2013) Prognosis of women with primary breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy: results from an international collaborative study. J Clin Oncol 31(20):2532–2539. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.45.6335

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Reed W, Hannisdal E, Skovlund E, Thoresen S, Lilleng P, Nesland JM (2003) Pregnancy and breast cancer: a population-based study. Virchows Arch 443(1):44–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-003-0817-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Azim HA, Santoro L, Russell-Edu W, Pentheroudakis G, Pavlidis N, Peccatori FA (2012) Prognosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 30 studies. Cancer Treat Rev 38(7):834–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.06.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Murphy CG, Mallam D, Stein S, Patil S, Howard J, Sklarin N, Hudis CA, Gemignani ML, Seidman AD (2012) Current or recent pregnancy is associated with adverse pathologic features but not impaired survival in early breast cancer. Cancer 118(13):3254–3259. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.26654

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Borges VF, Schedin PJ (2012) Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: an entity needing refinement of the definition. Cancer 118(13):3226–3228. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.26643

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Edge SB, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Am T (2010) American joint committee on cancer (AJCC) cancer staging manual, 7th edn. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hammond ME, Hayes DF, Dowsett M, Allred DC, Hagerty KL, Badve S, Fitzgibbons PL, Francis G, Goldstein NS, Hayes M, Hicks DG, Lester S, Love R, Mangu PB, McShane L, Miller K, Osborne CK, Paik S, Perlmutter J, Rhodes A, Sasano H, Schwartz JN, Sweep FC, Taube S, Torlakovic EE, Valenstein P, Viale G, Visscher D, Wheeler T, Williams RB, Wittliff JL, Wolff AC (2010) American society of clinical oncology/college of American pathologists guideline recommendations for immunohistochemical testing of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 28(16):2784–2795. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.25.6529

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Rodriguez AO, Chew H, Cress R, Xing G, McElvy S, Danielsen B, Smith L (2008) Evidence of poorer survival in pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol 112(1):71–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31817c4ebc

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Loibl S, Schmidt A, Gentilini O, Kaufman B, Kuhl C, Denkert C, von Minckwitz G, Parokonnaya A, Stensheim H, Thomssen C, van Calsteren K, Poortmans P, Berveiller P, Markert UR, Amant F (2015) Breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy: adapting recent advances in breast cancer care for pregnant patients. JAMA Oncol 1(8):1145–1153. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.2413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Johansson AL, Andersson TM, Hsieh CC, Cnattingius S, Lambe M (2011) Increased mortality in women with breast cancer detected during pregnancy and different periods postpartum. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 20(9):1865–1872. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.Epi-11-0515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Johansson ALV, Weibull CE, Fredriksson I, Lambe M (2019) Diagnostic pathways and management in women with pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC): no evidence of treatment delays following a first healthcare contact. Breast Cancer Res Treat 174(2):489–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-018-05083-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Azim HA Jr, Botteri E, Renne G, Dell’orto P, Rotmensz N, Gentilini O, Sangalli C, Pruneri G, Di Nubila B, Locatelli M, Sotiriou C, Piccart M, Goldhirsch A, Viale G, Peccatori FA (2012) The biological features and prognosis of breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy: a case-control study. Acta Oncol 51(5):653–661. https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186X.2011.636069

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Litton JK, Warneke CL, Hahn KM, Palla SL, Kuerer HM, Perkins GH, Mittendorf EA, Barnett C, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Hortobagyi GN, Theriault RL (2013) Case control study of women treated with chemotherapy for breast cancer during pregnancy as compared with nonpregnant patients with breast cancer. Oncologist 18(4):369–376. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Amant F, von Minckwitz G, Han SN, Bontenbal M, Ring AE, Giermek J, Wildiers H, Fehm T, Linn SC, Schlehe B, Neven P, Westenend PJ, Müller V, Van Calsteren K, Rack B, Nekljudova V, Harbeck N, Untch M, Witteveen PO, Schwedler K, Thomssen C, Van Calster B, Loibl S (2013) Prognosis of women with primary breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy: results from an international collaborative study. J Clin Oncol 31(20):2532–2539. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.45.6335

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cardonick E, Dougherty R, Grana G, Gilmandyar D, Ghaffar S, Usmani A (2010) Breast cancer during pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes. Cancer J 16(1):76–82. https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181ce46f9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Iqbal J, Amir E, Rochon PA, Giannakeas V, Sun P, Narod SA (2017) Association of the Timing of Pregnancy With Survival in Women With Breast Cancer. JAMA Oncol 3(5):659–665. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.0248

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Petrek JA, Dukoff R, Rogatko A (1991) Prognosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Cancer 67(4):869–872. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19910215)67:4%3c869::aid-cncr2820670402%3e3.0.co;2-q

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Beadle BM, Woodward WA, Middleton LP, Tereffe W, Strom EA, Litton JK, Meric-Bernstam F, Theriault RL, Buchholz TA, Perkins GH (2009) The impact of pregnancy on breast cancer outcomes in women<or=35 years. Cancer 115(6):1174–1184. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Daling JR, Malone KE, Doody DR, Anderson BO, Porter PL (2002) The Relation of reproductive factors to mortality from breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 11(3):235–241

    Google Scholar 

  30. Whiteman MK, Hillis SD, Curtis KM, McDonald JA, Wingo PA, Marchbanks PA (2004) Reproductive history and mortality after breast cancer diagnosis. Obstet Gynecol 104(1):146–154. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000128173.01611.ff

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Schedin P (2006) Pregnancy-associated breast cancer and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 6(4):281–291. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1839

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Tarullo SE, Hill RC, Hansen KC, Behbod F, Borges VF, Nelson AC, Lyons TR (2020) Postpartum breast cancer progression is driven by semaphorin 7a-mediated invasion and survival. Oncogene 39(13):2772–2785. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-020-1192-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Lyons TR, Borges VF, Betts CB, Guo Q, Kapoor P, Martinson HA, Jindal S, Schedin P (2014) Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent lymphangiogenesis promotes nodal metastasis of postpartum breast cancer. J Clin Invest 124(9):3901–3912. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci73777

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Collins LC, Gelber S, Marotti JD, White S, Ruddy K, Brachtel EF, Schapira L, Come SE, Borges VF, Schedin P, Warner E, Wensley T, Tamimi RM, Winer EP, Partridge AH (2015) Molecular phenotype of breast cancer according to time since last pregnancy in a large cohort of young women. Oncologist 20(7):713–718. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0412

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Cohen-Kerem R, Railton C, Oren D, Lishner M, Koren G (2005) Pregnancy outcome following non-obstetric surgical intervention. Am J Surg 190(3):467–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.03.033

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Allaert SE, Carlier SP, Weyne LP, Vertommen DJ, Dutré PE, Desmet MB (2007) First trimester anesthesia exposure and fetal outcome. A review Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 58(2):119–123

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Dominici LS, Kuerer HM, Babiera G, Hahn KME, Perkins G, Middleton L, Ramirez MM, Yang W, Hortobagyi GN, Theriault RL, Litton JK (2010) Wound complications from surgery in pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC)1. Breast Dis 31:1–5. https://doi.org/10.3233/BD-2009-0289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Caragacianu DL, Mayer EL, Chun YS, Caterson S, Bellon JR, Wong JS, Troyan S, Rhei E, Dominici LS, Economy KE, Tung NM, Schapira L, Partridge A, Calvillo KZ (2016) Immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy in pregnant women with breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 114(2):140–143. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.24308

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lohsiriwat V, Peccatori FA, Martella S, Azim HA Jr, Sarno MA, Galimberti V, De Lorenzi F, Intra M, Sangalli C, Rotmensz N, Pruneri G, Renne G, Schorr MC, Nevola Teixeira LF, Rietjens M, Giroda M, Gentilini O (2013) Immediate breast reconstruction with expander in pregnant breast cancer patients. Breast 22(5):657–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2013.06.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lyman GH, Somerfield MR, Bosserman LD, Perkins CL, Weaver DL, Giuliano AE (2017) Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with early-stage breast cancer: American Society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol 35(5):561–564. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.71.0947

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Han SN, Amant F, Cardonick EH, Loibl S, Peccatori FA, Gheysens O, Sangalli CA, Nekljudova V, Steffensen KD, Mhallem Gziri M, Schröder CP, Lok CAR, Verest A, Neven P, Smeets A, Pruneri G, Cremonesi M, Gentilini O (2018) Axillary staging for breast cancer during pregnancy: feasibility and safety of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 168(2):551–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-017-4611-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ebert U, Löffler H, Kirch W (1997) Cytotoxic therapy and pregnancy. Pharmacol Ther 74(2):207–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-7258(97)82004-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Mir O, Berveiller P, Goffinet F, Treluyer JM, Serreau R, Goldwasser F, Rouzier R (2010) Taxanes for breast cancer during pregnancy: a systematic review. Ann Oncol 21(2):425–426. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdp517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Cottle TE, Fier CJ, Donadieu J, Kinsey SE (2002) Risk and benefit of treatment of severe chronic neutropenia with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Semin Hematol 39(2):134–140. https://doi.org/10.1053/shem.2002.31914

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cardonick E, Irfan F, Torres N (2012) The use of neupogen (filgrastim) or neulasta (pegfilgrastim) during pregnancy when chemotherapy is indicated for maternal cancer treatment. J Cancer Ther 3:157–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Noone AM, Cronin KA, Altekruse SF, Howlader N, Lewis DR, Petkov VI, Penberthy L (2017) cancer incidence and survival trends by subtype using data from the surveillance epidemiology and end results program, 1992–2013. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 26(4):632–641. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.Epi-16-0520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Colleoni M, Rotmensz N, Robertson C, Orlando L, Viale G, Renne G, Luini A, Veronesi P, Intra M, Orecchia R, Catalano G, Galimberti V, Nolé F, Martinelli G, Goldhirsch A (2002) Very young women (<35 years) with operable breast cancer: features of disease at presentation. Ann Oncol 13(2):273–279. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdf039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lambertini M, Pinto AC, Ameye L, Jongen L, Del Mastro L, Puglisi F, Poggio F, Bonotto M, Floris G, Van Asten K, Wildiers H, Neven P, de Azambuja E, Paesmans M, Azim HA Jr (2016) The prognostic performance of adjuvant! online and Nottingham prognostic index in young breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 115(12):1471–1478. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.359

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Zagouri F, Sergentanis TN, Chrysikos D, Papadimitriou CA, Dimopoulos M-A, Bartsch R (2013) Trastuzumab administration during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 137(2):349–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-012-2368-y

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Cameron D, Piccart-Gebhart MJ, Gelber RD, Procter M, Goldhirsch A, de Azambuja E, Castro G, Untch M, Smith I, Gianni L, Baselga J, Al-Sakaff N, Lauer S, McFadden E, Leyland-Jones B, Bell R, Dowsett M, Jackisch C (2017) 11 years’ follow-up of trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive early breast cancer: final analysis of the HERceptin adjuvant (HERA) trial. The Lancet 389(10075):1195–1205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32616-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Goller SS, Markert UR, Fröhlich K (2019) Trastuzumab in the treatment of pregnant breast cancer patients–an overview of the literature. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 79(06):618–625

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The preparation of this study was supported in part by NIH/NCI Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA008748 to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Shari Goldfarb and Mary L. Gemignani share senior authorship of this article.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Breast Surgery, True Family Women’s Cancer Center, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, WA, USA

    Angelena Crown

  2. Department of Breast Surgery, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland

    Damian McCartan

  3. Biostatistics Service, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Michael A. Curry & Sujata Patil

  4. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA

    Sabrina Kamer

  5. Breast Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Shari Goldfarb

  6. Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Angelena Crown & Mary L. Gemignani

Authors
  1. Angelena Crown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Damian McCartan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael A. Curry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sujata Patil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sabrina Kamer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Shari Goldfarb
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Mary L. Gemignani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by AC, DM, MC, SP, SK, SG, and MG. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AC, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Shari Goldfarb or Mary L. Gemignani.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

Dr. Shari B. Goldfarb reports grant funding from Paxman Coolers Ltd and Sprout Pharmaceuticals, and consulting/medical advisory positions with Sermonix Pharmaceuticals LLC, Ms. Medicine, Revision Skincare, NanOlogy, and Spectrum Pharmaceuticals LLC. All other authors have no conflict of interests or commercial interests to disclose.

Ethical approval

This study was approved by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Institutional Review Board.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publish

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Crown, A., McCartan, D., Curry, M.A. et al. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: does timing of presentation affect outcome?. Breast Cancer Res Treat 198, 283–294 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-022-06833-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-022-06833-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation