Abstract
Great Lakes coastlines are mosaics of wetland, stream, and lake habitats, characterized by a high degree of spatial heterogeneity that may facilitate the co-occurrence of seemingly incompatible biogeochemical processes due to variation in environmental factors that favor each process. We measured nutrient limitation and rates of N2 fixation and denitrification along transects in 5 wetland–stream–lake ecotones with different nutrient loading in Lakes Superior and Huron. We hypothesized that rates of both processes would be related to nutrient limitation status, habitat type, and environmental characteristics including temperature, nutrient concentrations, and organic matter quality. We found that median denitrification rates (914 μg N m−2 h−1) were 166 × higher than N2 fixation rates (5.5 μg N m−2 h−1), but the processes co-occurred in 48% of 83 points measured across all 5 transects and habitat types. N2 fixation occurred on sediment and macrophyte substrate, while denitrification occurred mostly in sediment. Nutrient-diffusing substrate experiments indicated that biofilm chlorophyll-a was limited by N and/or P at 55% and biofilm AFDM was limited at 26% of sample points. N2 fixation and denitrification rates did not differ significantly with differing nutrient limitation. Predictive models for N2 fixation and denitrification rates both included variables related to the composition of dissolved organic matter, while the model for N2 fixation also included P concentrations. These results demonstrate the potential for heterogeneity in habitat characteristics, nutrient availability, and organic matter composition to lead to biogeochemical complexity at the local scale, despite overall N removal at broader scales.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during this study are publicly available through the Environmental Data Initiative https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/6707bb3c21ae0e63e593e7a82aab9146.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Anne Garwood at MI’s EGLE for being the agency sponsor on the MI Sea Grant Graduate Fellowship. Thank you to Meredith Brehob, Maya Braden, Dr. Matthew Cooper and crew, Michelle Kelly, Karl Meingast, Kevin Nevorski, Andie Norton, Hunter Roose, Renn Schipper, Katie Summers, Molly Warner, and Ryan Van Goethem for field and laboratory assistance.
Funding
This work was supported by: National Science Foundation award DEB 14-51919 to Amy Marcarelli; Michigan Space Grant Consortium Graduate Fellowship under award 80NSSC20M0124 from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Michigan Sea Grant Graduate Fellowship under award R/CGLH-11 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; the Ecosystem Science Center and the Great Lakes Research Center at Michigan Tech; and the Michigan Tech Biological Sciences department and Graduate School Fall Finishing Fellowship, which was funded by the Nicholas Matwiyoff and Carl Hogberg Graduate Fellowships.
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Conception and design: EE and AM; data collection: EE; analysis and interpretation of results: EE, EK, and AM; manuscript preparation and revision: EE, EK, and AM. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Eberhard, E.K., Kane, E.S. & Marcarelli, A.M. Heterogeneity in habitat and nutrient availability facilitate the co-occurrence of N2 fixation and denitrification across wetland–stream–lake ecotones of Lakes Superior and Huron. Biogeochemistry 166, 169–189 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01090-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01090-3