Abstract
Mercury (Hg) release and migration from municipal solid waste landfills has been an important issue to nearby ecosystems and human health. To completely understand the Hg biogeochemical cycle in landfills, this review presents the Hg emission processes via different pathways, related controlling mechanisms, and critical Hg transport and transformation processes involving the diffusion and advection of Hg, Hg volatilization, Hg adsorption and desorption, Hg redox reactions, and Hg methylation and demethylation. These critical physical, chemical, and biological processes result in the phase transfer of Hg and the distribution of different Hg species in landfill gas (LFG), leachates, and cover soils. In addition, key factors (e.g., LFG, meteorological conditions, cover soils, and vegetation) affecting Hg emission processes and their impacts are discussed here. This work provides a comprehensive picture of Hg behavior in landfills, and has positive implications for the development of a process-based model and the control of Hg emissions from landfills.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackerman JT, Hartman CA, Herzog MP (2019) Mercury contamination in resident and migrant songbirds and potential effects on body condition. Environ Pollut 246:797–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.060
Aria A, Kent DB, Curtis GP, Marvin-Dipasquale MC (2013) Kinetics of homogeneous and surface-catalyzed mercury(II) reduction by iron(II). Environ Sci Technol 47(13):7204–7213. https://doi.org/10.1021/es401459p
Baldi F (1997) Microbial transformation of mercury species and their importance in the biogeochemical cycle of mercury. Met Ions Biol Syst 34:213–257
Barkay T, Miller SM, Summers AO (2003) Bacterial mercury resistance from atoms to ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 27(2–3):355–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00046-9
Benison GC, Di Lello P, Shokes JE, Cosper NJ, Scott RA, Legault P, Omichinski JG (2004) A stable mercury-containing complex of the organomercurial lyase MerB: catalysis, product release, and direct transfer to MerA. Biochemistry 43(26):8333–8345. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi049662h
Bigham GN, Murray KJ, Masue-Slowey Y, Henry EA (2017) Biogeochemical controls on methylmercury in soils and sediments: Implications for site management. Integr Environ Assess Manag 13(2):249–263. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1822
Bloom NS (2000) Analysis and stability of mercury speciation in petroleum hydrocarbons. Fresenius J Anal Chem 366(5):438–443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002160050089
Carpi A, Lindberg SE (1997) Sunlight-mediated emission of elemental mercury from soil amended with municipal sewage sludge. Environ Sci Technol 31(7):2085–2091. https://doi.org/10.1021/es960910+
Chai X, Hao Y, Li Z, Zhu W, Zhao W (2015) The dependence of the methylation of mercury on the landfill stabilization process and implications for the landfill management. Chemosphere 119:828–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.004
Chai X, Zhao X, Lou Z, Shimaoka T, Nakayama H, Cao X, Zhao Y (2011) Characteristics of vegetation and its relationship with landfill gas in closed landfill. Biomass Bioenergy 35(3):1295–1301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.12.051
Cheng H, Hu Y (2012) Mercury in municipal solid waste in China and its control: a review. Environ Sci Technol 46(2):593–605. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2026517
Ci Z, Zhang X, Wang Z (2012) Enhancing atmospheric mercury research in China to improve the current understanding of the global mercury cycle: the need for urgent and closely coordinated efforts. Environ Sci Technol 46(11):5636–5642. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300137y
Correia RRS, Guimarães JRD (2017) Mercury methylation and sulfate reduction rates in mangrove sediments, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: the role of different microorganism consortia. Chemosphere 167:438–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.153
Craig P, Bartlett P (1978) The role of hydrogen sulphide in environmental transport of mercury. Nature 275(5681):635–637. https://doi.org/10.1038/275635a0
Craig P, Moreton P (1984) The role of sulphide in the formation of dimethyl mercury in river and estuary sediments. Mar Pollut Bull 15(11):406–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(84)90257-1
Cui L, Feng X, Lin CJ, Wang X, Meng B, Wang X, Wang H (2014) Accumulation and translocation of 198Hg in four crop species. Environ Toxicol Chem 33(2):334–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2443
de la Casa-Resino I, Hernández-Moreno D, Castellano A, Pérez-López M, Soler F (2014) Breeding near a landfill may influence blood metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Fe, Zn) and metalloids (Se, As) in white stork (Ciconia ciconia) nestlings. Ecotoxicology 23(8):1377–1386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1280-0
Dommergue A, Martinerie P, Courteaud J, Witrant E, Etheridge DM (2016) A new reconstruction of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury trend over the last 60 years from Greenland firn records. Atmos Environ 136:156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.012
Earle CDA, Rhue RD, Chynoweth DP (2000) Partitioning of mercury among solid, liquid and gas phases following anaerobic decomposition of a simulated solid waste. Water Air Soil Pollut 121(1):189–203. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005257413521
Eckley CS, Tate MT, Lin CJ, Gustin M, Dent S, Eagles-Smith C, Lutz MA, Wickland KP, Wang B, Gray JE (2016) Surface-air mercury fluxes across Western North America: a synthesis of spatial trends and controlling variables. Sci Total Environ 568:651–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.121
El-Fadel M, Findikakis AN, Leckie JO (1997) Environmental impacts of solid waste landfilling. J Environ Manag 50(1):1–25. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1995.0131
Ericksen J, Gustin M, Xin M, Weisberg P, Fernandez G (2006) Air–soil exchange of mercury from background soils in the United States. Sci Total Environ 366(2):851–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.019
Fang SC (1978) Sorption and transformation of mercury vapor by dry soil. Environ Sci Technol 12(3):285–288. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60139a004
Feng X, Li G, Qiu G (2006) A preliminary study on mercury contamination to the environment from artisanal zinc smelting using indigenous methods in Hezhang County, Guizhou, China: Part 2. Mercury contaminations to soil and crop. Sci Total Environ 368(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.036
Fleming EJ, Mack EE, Green PG, Nelson DC (2006) Mercury methylation from unexpected sources: molybdate-inhibited freshwater sediments and an iron-reducing bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 72(1):457–464. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.1.457-464.2006
Frączek KJ, Ropek DR, Lenart-Boroń AM (2014) Assessment of microbiological and chemical properties in a municipal landfill area. J Environ Sci Health Part A 49(5):593–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2014.859464
Friedli HR, Radke LF, Lu J, Banic CM, Leaitch WR, Macpherson JI (2003) Mercury emissions from burning of biomass from temperate North American forests: laboratory and airborne measurements. Atmos Environ 37(2):253–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00819-1
Gillis AA, Miller DR (2000) Some local environmental effects on mercury emission and absorption at a soil surface. Sci Total Environ 260(1):191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00563-5
Gilmour CC, Podar M, Bullock AL, Graham AM, Brown SD, Somenahally AC, Johs A, Hurt RA Jr, Bailey KL, Elias DA (2013) Mercury methylation by novel microorganisms from new environments. Environ Sci Technol 47(20):11810–11820. https://doi.org/10.1021/es403075t
Godbold DL, Hüttermann A (1988) Inhibition of photosynthesis and transpiration in relation to mercury-induced root damage in spruce seedlings. Physiol Plant 74(2):270–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb00631.x
Gustin MS, Stamenkovic J (2005) Effect of watering and soil moisture on mercury emissions from soils. Biogeochemistry 76(2):215–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-005-4566-8
Gustin MS, Biester H, Kim CS (2002) Investigation of the light-enhanced emission of mercury from naturally enriched substrates. Atmos Environ 36(20):3241–3254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00329-1
Gustin M, Ericksen J, Schorran D, Johnson D, Lindberg S, Coleman J (2004) Application of controlled mesocosms for understanding mercury air-soil-plant exchange. Environ Sci Technol 38(22):6044–6050. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0487933
Han Z, Ma H, Shi G, Li H, Wei L, Shi Q (2016) A review of groundwater contamination near municipal solid waste landfill sites in China. Sci Total Environ 569–570:1255–1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.201
Han S, Obraztsova A, Pretto P, Choe KY, Gieskes J, Deheyn DD, Tebo BM (2007) Biogeochemical factors affecting mercury methylation in sediments of the Venice Lagoon. Italy. Environ Toxicol Chem 26(4):655–663. https://doi.org/10.1897/06-392R.1
Han YJ, Kim PR, Lee GS, Lee JI, Noh S, Yu SM, Park KS, Seok KS, Kim H, Kim YH (2017) Mercury concentrations in environmental media at a hazardous solid waste landfill site and mercury emissions from the site. Environ Earth Sci 76(10):361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6700-z
Heather AW, Paula Marie W, Tamar B (2006) Novel reduction of mercury(II) by mercury-sensitive dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria. Environ Sci Technol 40(21):6690–6696. https://doi.org/10.1021/es061046g
Hower JC, Senior CL, Suuberg EM, Hurt RH, Wilcox JL, Olson ES (2010) Mercury capture by native fly ash carbons in coal-fired power plants. Prog Energy Combust Sci 36(4):510–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2009.12.003
Johnson DW, Lindberg SE (1995) The biogeochemical cycling of Hg in forests: Alternative methods for quantifying total deposition and soil emission. Water Air Soil Pollut 80(1–4):1069–1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0153-0_121
Johnson DW, Benesch JA, Gustin MS, Schorran DS, Lindberg SE, Coleman JS (2003) Experimental evidence against diffusion control of Hg evasion from soils. Sci Total Environ 304(1–3):175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00567-3
Kim KH, Kim MY (2002) Mercury emissions as landfill gas from a large-scale abandoned landfill site in Seoul. Atmos Environ 36(31):4919–4928. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00408-9
Kim MK, Zoh KD (2013) Effects of natural water constituents on the photo-decomposition of methylmercury and the role of hydroxyl radical. Sci Total Environ 449:95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.039
Kim KH, Kim MY, Lee G (2001) The soil–air exchange characteristics of total gaseous mercury from a large-scale municipal landfill area. Atmos Environ 35(20):3475–3493. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00095-4
Kim KH, Hanson PJ, Barnett MO, Lindberg SE (1997) Biogeochemistry of mercury in the air-soil-plant system. Met Ions Biol Syst 34:185–212
King JK, Kostka JE, Frischer ME, Saunders FM, Jahnke RA (2001) A quantitative relationship that demonstrates mercury methylation rates in marine sediments are based on the community composition and activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Environ Sci Technol 35(12):2491–2496. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001813q
Klusman RW, Matoske CP (1983) Adsorption of mercury by soils from oil shale development areas in the Piceance Creek basin of northwestern Colorado. Environ Sci Technol 17(5):251–256. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00111a002
Kritee K, Blum JD, Barkay T (2008) Mercury stable isotope fractionation during reduction of Hg(II) by different microbial pathways. Environ Sci Technol 42(24):9171–9177. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801591k
Landner L (1971) Biochemical model for the biological methylation of mercury suggested from methylation studies in vivo with Neurospora crassa. Nature 230(5294):452–454. https://doi.org/10.1038/230452a0
Lee KJ, Lee TG (2012) A review of international trends in mercury management and available options for permanent or long-term mercury storage. J Hazard Mater 241–242(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.025
Lee SW, Lowry GV, Hsukim H (2016) Biogeochemical transformations of mercury in solid waste landfills and pathways for release. Environ Sci Process Impacts 18(2):176–189. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5em00561b
Li Z, Feng X, Li P, Liang L, Tang S, Wang S, Fu X, Qiu G, Shang L (2010) Emissions of air-borne mercury from five municipal solid waste landfills in Guiyang and Wuhan. China. Atmos Chem Phys 10(7):3353–3364. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3353-2010
Lindberg S, Price J (1999) Airborne emissions of mercury from municipal landfill operations: a short-term measurement study in Florida. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 49(5):520–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1999.10463825
Lindberg S, Zhang H, Gustin M, Vette A, Marsik F, Owens J, Casimir A, Ebinghaus R, Edwards G, Fitzgerald C (1999) Increases in mercury emissions from desert soils in response to rainfall and irrigation. J Geophys Res 104(D17):21879–21888. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900202
Lindberg SE, Southworth GR, Bogle MA, Blasing T, Owens J, Roy K, Zhang H, Kuiken T, Price J, Reinhart D (2005) Airborne emissions of mercury from municipal solid waste. I: new measurements from six operating landfills in Florida. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 55(7), 859–869. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464684
Liu Y, Wu B, Hao Y, Zhu W, Li Z, Chai X (2017) Site-specific diel mercury emission fluxes in landfill: combined effects of vegetation and meteorological factors. Waste Manage 59:247–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.006
Lu X, Liu Y, Johs A, Zhao L, Wang T, Yang Z, Lin H, Elias DA, Pierce EM, Liang L (2016) Anaerobic mercury methylation and demethylation by Geobacter bemidjiensis Bem. Environ Sci Technol 50(8):4366–4373. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00401
Marvin-DiPasquale M, Agee J, McGowan C, Oremland RS, Thomas M, Krabbenhoft D, Gilmour CC (2000) Methyl-mercury degradation pathways: a comparison among three mercury-impacted ecosystems. Environ Sci Technol 34(23):4908–4916. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0013125
Montoya AJ, Lena JC, Windmöller CC (2019) Adsorption of gaseous elemental mercury on soils: influence of chemical and/or mineralogical characteristics. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 170:98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.054
Moore C, Carpi A (2005) Mechanisms of the emission of mercury from soil: role of UV radiation. J Geophys Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005567
Nagendran R, Selvam A, Joseph K, Chiemchaisri C (2006) Phytoremediation and rehabilitation of municipal solid waste landfills and dumpsites: a brief review. Waste Manage 26(12):1357–1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.05.003
Nguyen HT, Kim KH, Kim MY, Shon ZH (2008) Exchange pattern of gaseous elemental mercury in an active urban landfill facility. Chemosphere 70(5):821–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.024
Obrist D, Pokharel AK, Moore CW (2014) Vertical profile measurements of soil air suggest immobilization of gaseous elemental mercury in mineral soil. Environ Sci Technol 48(4):2242–2252. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4048297
Oremland RS, Culbertson CW, Winfrey MR (1991) Methylmercury decomposition in sediments and bacterial cultures: involvement of methanogens and sulfate reducers in oxidative demethylation. Appl Environ Microbiol 57(1):130–137
Pacyna EG, Pacyna JM, Sundseth K, Munthe J, Kindbom K, Wilson S, Steenhuisen F, Maxson P (2010) Global emission of mercury to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in 2005 and projections to 2020. Atmos Environ 44(20):2487–2499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.06.009
Pacyna JM, Travnikov O, Simone FD, Hedgecock IM, Sundseth K, Pacyna EG, Steenhuisen F, Pirrone N, Munthe J, Kindbom K (2016) Current and future levels of mercury atmospheric pollution on global scale. Atmos Chem Phys. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12495-2016
Park JW, Shin HC (2001) Surface emission of landfill gas from solid waste landfill. Atmos Environ 35(20):3445–3451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00118-2
Parks JM, Johs A, Podar M, Bridou R, Hurt RA, Smith SD, Tomanicek SJ, Qian Y, Brown SD, Brandt CC (2013) The genetic basis for bacterial mercury methylation. Science 339(6125):1332–1335. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230667
Pirrone N, Cinnirella S, Feng X, Finkelman R, Friedli H, Leaner J, Mason R, Mukherjee A, Stracher G, Streets D (2010) Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources. Atmos Chem Phys 10(13):5951–5964. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5951-2010
Quinones JL, Carpi A (2011) An investigation of the kinetic processes influencing mercury emissions from sand and soil samples of varying thickness. J Environ Qual 40(2):647–652. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0327
Samadder SR, Prabhakar R, Khan D, Kishan D, Chauhan MS (2017) Analysis of the contaminants released from municipal solid waste landfill site: a case study. Sci Total Environ 580:593–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.003
Schlüter K (2000) Review: evaporation of mercury from soils. An integration and synthesis of current knowledge. Environ Geol 39(3), 249–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050005
Schroeder WH, Yarwood G, Niki H (1991) Transformation processes involving mercury species in the atmosphere—results from a literature survey. Water Air Soil Pollut 56(1):653–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00342307
Soerensen AL, Schartup A, Skrobonja A, Björn E (2017) Organic matter drives high interannual variability in methylmercury concentrations in a subarctic coastal sea. Environ Pollut 229:531–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.008
St. Louis VL, Rudd JW, Kelly CA, Hall BD, Rolfhus KR, Scott KJ, Lindberg SE, Dong W, (2001) Importance of the forest canopy to fluxes of methyl mercury and total mercury to boreal ecosystems. Environ Sci Technol 35(15):3089–3098. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001924p
Streets DG, Horowitz HM, Jacob DJ, Lu Z, Levin L, Ter Schure AF, Sunderland EM (2017) Total mercury released to the environment by human activities. Environ Sci Technol 51(11):5969–5977. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00451
Sundseth K, Pacyna J, Pacyna E, Pirrone N, Thorne R (2017) Global sources and pathways of mercury in the context of human health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(1):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010105
Tao Z, Dai S, Chai X (2017a) Mercury emission to the atmosphere from municipal solid waste landfills: a brief review. Atmos Environ 170:303–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.09.046
Tao Z, Liu Y, Zhou M, Chai X (2017b) Exchange pattern of gaseous elemental mercury in landfill: mercury deposition under vegetation coverage and interactive effects of multiple meteorological conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(34):26586–26593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0275-9
Tao Z, Bian R, Chai X (2018a) Methylmercury levels in cover soils from two landfills in Xi’an and Shanghai, China: implications for mercury methylation potentials. Waste Manage 78:331–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.008
Tao Z, Shi W, Liu Y, Chai X (2018b) Temporal variation of vegetation at two operating landfills and its implications for landfill phytoremediation. Environ Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1508253
Vonk JW, Sijpesteijn AK (1973) Studies on the methylation of mercuric chloride by pure cultures of bacteria and fungi. Int J Gen Mol Microbiol 39(1):505–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02578894
Walvoord MA, Andraski BJ, Krabbenhoft DP, Striegl RG (2008) Transport of elemental mercury in the unsaturated zone from a waste disposal site in an arid region. Appl Geochem 23(3):572–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.014
Wang S, Feng X, Qiu G, Fu X, Wei Z (2007) Characteristics of mercury exchange flux between soil and air in the heavily air-polluted area, Eastern Guizhou. China. Atmos Environ 41(27):5584–5594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.002
Weiss-Penzias P, Jaffe D, Swartzendruber P, Hafner W, Chand D, Prestbo E (2007) Quantifying Asian and biomass burning sources of mercury using the Hg/CO ratio in pollution plumes observed at the Mount Bachelor Observatory. Atmos Environ 41(21):4366–4379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.058
Wiatrowski HA, Ward PM, Barkay T (2006) Novel reduction of mercury(II) by mercury-sensitive dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria. Environ Sci Technol 40(21):6690–6696. https://doi.org/10.1021/es061046g
Wiatrowski HA, Soumya D, Ravi K, Ilton ES, Tamar B, Nathan Y (2009) Reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0) by magnetite. Environ Sci Technol 43(14):5307–5313. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9003608
Xu Q, Powell J, Jain P, Townsend T (2014) Modeling of H2S migration through landfill cover materials. J Hazard Mater 264:254–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.005
Yang J, Takaoka M, Sano A, Matsuyama A, Yanase R (2018) Vertical distribution of total mercury and mercury methylation in a landfill site in Japan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(6):1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061252
Zhang H, Lindberg SE (1999) Processes influencing the emission of mercury from soils: a conceptual model. J Geophys Res Atmos 104(D17):21889–21896. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900194
Zhang H, Lindberg SE, Barnett MO, Vette AF, Gustin MS (2002) Dynamic flux chamber measurement of gaseous mercury emission fluxes over soils. Part 1: simulation of gaseous mercury emissions from soils using a two-resistance exchange interface model. Atmos Environ 36(5), 835–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00501-5
Zhao H, Yan H, Zhang L, Sun G, Li P, Feng X (2019) Mercury contents in rice and potential health risks across China. Environ Int 126:406–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.055
Zhu S, Zhang Z, Žagar D (2018) Mercury transport and fate models in aquatic systems: a review and synthesis. Sci Total Environ 639:538–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.397
Zhu W, Sommar J, Li Z, Feng X, Lin CJ, Li G (2013b) Highly elevated emission of mercury vapor due to the spontaneous combustion of refuse in a landfill. Atmos Environ 79:540–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.07.016
Zhu W, Li Z, Chai X, Hao Y, Lin CJ, Sommar J, Feng X (2013a) Emission characteristics and air–surface exchange of gaseous mercury at the largest active landfill in Asia. Atmos Environ 79:188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.083
Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51678427).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Scott Bridgham.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tao, Z., Deng, H., Li, M. et al. Mercury transport and fate in municipal solid waste landfills and its implications. Biogeochemistry 148, 19–29 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00642-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00642-1