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DNA barcodes reveal the hidden arthropod diversity in a threatened cactus forest of the central Andes

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Abstract

Desert ecosystems are currently threatened by human activities resulting in the rapid decline of xerophytic plants and specialized fauna. In South America, the demise of cactus species already resulted in the population decline of > 30% of the iconic giant columnar cactus Trichocereus terscheckii. The increasing vulnerability of these keystone species could trigger a cascade of secondary extinctions in highly dependent organisms. Thus, necrotic cacti constitute an important habitat for desert arthropods, yet little is known on the hidden diversity of this neglected niche. We used DNA barcode techniques to survey the diversity of arthropods in a threatened cactus forest dominated by T. terscheckii in northwestern Argentina. We obtained a total of 542 mitochondrial barcode sequences, resulting in 323 Molecular Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) associated to the xerophytic forest and 21 MOTUs exclusive to the giant cactus necrosis. Our results indicated that the area is a biodiversity hotspot within the harsh Andean desert and suggests that nearly 30 species could occur in the decaying cactus, representing the highest richness of cactophilic arthropods recorded in any cactus on the continent to date (6 orders and 16 families). The community structure of cactophilic arthropods showed a phylogenetic clustering pattern, suggesting the coexistence of closely related species. Overall, our study indicates that the giant cactus necrosis sustains a particular phylogenetic diversity of desert arthropods, while demonstrating the efficacy of DNA barcodes for biodiversity assessments in complex and poorly understood ecological systems.

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Data availability

Details of data analyses and accession numbers have been uploaded as part of the Supplementary Material. Ethical statement: Ethical approval was not required for this study. All procedures complied with relevant guidelines and regulations. Sample permits were provided by the Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development of San Juan Province, Argentina (No. 1300-0236).

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Acknowledgements

We thank Agustina Lopez, Nicolas Flaibani, Jose Crespo, María Gonzalez, Juan Vrdoljak, Mariana Benedictto, Pedro Fontanarrosa and Diego De Panis for their invaluable support during field work. This research was supported by the National Council of Scientific and Technical Research of Argentina (CONICET), funded by The International Barcode of Life Project (Fondo iBOL Argentina 2012), The Rufford Foundation (Grant No. 13701-1), the National Agency of Scientific and Technological Promotion (PICT 2017-0220) and the University of Buenos Aires (UBACyT2018 Mod I 20020170100342).

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  1. Julián Padró and Alejandro Saint Esteven have contributed equally to this work.

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  1. Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Universidad Nacional del Comahue (INIBIOMA-CONICET), 8400, S. C. Bariloche, Argentina

    Julián Padró

  2. Laboratorio de Biología Integral de Sistemas Evolutivos, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA – CONICET). DEGE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II (C1428 EHA), CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Julián Padró, Alejandro Saint Esteven & Ignacio M. Soto

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Padró, J., Saint Esteven, A. & Soto, I.M. DNA barcodes reveal the hidden arthropod diversity in a threatened cactus forest of the central Andes. Biodivers Conserv 32, 567–587 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-022-02513-7

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