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Lichens in old-growth and managed mountain spruce forests in the Czech Republic: assessment of biodiversity, functional traits and bioindicators

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Abstract

Natural spruce forests are restricted to the highest mountain ranges in the Czech Republic. Spruce is also the commonest tree species in managed forests. Owing to a massive decline of spruce forests in Central Europe, caused by recent climatic fluctuations and disturbances, the lichen diversity and species composition was compared between ten representative natural mountain old-growth forests in the Czech Republic and their counterparts in mature managed forests. The old-growth forests are characterized by a higher species richness, abundance, number of Red-listed species, functional, taxonomic and phylogenetic diversities. Plots with the highest species richness are situated in the Šumava Mountains, an area with a relatively low sulphur deposition in the past. Bioindication analysis searching for lichen indicators supported several species (e.g. Xylographa vitiligo, Chaenotheca sphaerocephala) and genera (e.g. Calicium, Xylographa) with a strong preference for old-growth forests. Analysis of lichen functional traits revealed a higher abundance of species with a vegetative reproduction in managed forests that may be explained by a higher efficiency in colonization by young successional stages. Lichens with stalked apothecia, pigmented ascospores and large ascospores are more frequent in old-growth forests. Our results are briefly discussed in terms of nature conservation, focusing on national refugees of old-growth forest species, biodiversity hot-spots, practical use of indicator species and representative measures for an evaluation of forest quality.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Mark Seaward who kindly revised the English, Martin Adámek who prepared extrapolated climatic data, Filip Oulehle who provided data on sulphur and nitrogen deposition, and Jana Kocourková, Ilona Sommerová and Lucie Zemanová who helped us during the field research. Both anonymous reviewers helped to improve the manuscript. This study was supported by the long-term research development Project RVO 67985939, Grant Project No. 1074416 from the Charles University Grant Agency and the Project EHP-CZ02-OV-1-027-2015.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    Jiří Malíček, Zdeněk Palice & Jan Vondrák

  2. Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

    Jan Vondrák

  3. Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44, Praha 2, Czech Republic

    Martin Kostovčík

  4. BIOCEV, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průmyslová 595, 252 42, Vestec, Czech Republic

    Martin Kostovčík

  5. Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic

    Veronika Lenzová

  6. Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00, Praha 6, Czech Republic

    Jeňýk Hofmeister

  7. Department of Biogeochemical and Hydrological Cycles, Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic

    Jeňýk Hofmeister

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  1. Jiří Malíček
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Malíček, J., Palice, Z., Vondrák, J. et al. Lichens in old-growth and managed mountain spruce forests in the Czech Republic: assessment of biodiversity, functional traits and bioindicators. Biodivers Conserv 28, 3497–3528 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01834-4

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