Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of in situ habitat quality and landscape characteristics in the oil palm agricultural matrix on tropical understory birds, fruit bats and butterflies

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Biodiversity and Conservation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The expansion of commercial oil palm crop has modified much of the natural landscape, subsequently leading to biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia. Aside from large-scale oil palm monoculture plantations, self-managed oil palm smallholdings are also becoming common in palm oil producing countries, but less is known about how management of the smallholdings affects faunal biodiversity. We argue that it is critically important to understand the role of habitat complexity at the local and landscape scales for maintaining faunal biodiversity in oil palm smallholdings. We used passive sampling methods to survey understory birds, fruit bats, and butterflies in oil palm smallholdings on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. We quantified the diversity in each taxon and measured in situ habitat quality and landscape metrics. We found that oil palm smallholdings located near rice fields supported fewer bird species. Proximity to roads can give rise to bird and fruit bat richness. Bird and fruit bat richness declined at sites with high crop density. Fruit bat richness declined, but butterfly richness increased, with the height of oil palm stands. Butterfly richness declined with distance from riparian habitats. Decreased coverage and height of ground vegetation also negatively affected butterfly species richness. We also found that the number of farm houses is positively related to bird, fruit bat, and butterfly species richness. Of the three taxa, only butterfly richness was positively influenced by crop diversity. We found that habitat complexity enables smallholdings to support a diverse community of birds and butterflies, but not fruit bats. These findings imply that oil palm smallholdings can be managed in a conservation agricultural matrix, as the smallholdings were able to maintain farmland biodiversity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Altieri MA (1999) The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Agric Ecosyst Environ 74:19–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amoah FM, Nuertey BN, Baidoo-Addo K, Oppong FK, Osei-Bonsu K, Asamoah TEO (1995) Underplanting oil palm with cocoa in Ghana. Agrofor Syst 30:289–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aratrakorn S, Thunhikorn S, Donald PF (2006) Changes in bird communities following conversion of lowland forest to oil palm and rubber plantations in southern Thailand. Bird Conserv Int 16:71–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azhar B, Lindenmayer DB, Wood J, Fischer J, Manning AD, McElhinny C, Zakaria M (2011) The conservation value of oil palm plantation estates, smallholdings and logged peat swamp forest for birds. For Ecol Manag 62:2306–2315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azhar B, Lindenmayer DB, Wood J, Fischer J, Manning AD, McElhinny C, Zakaria M (2013) The influence of agricultural system, stand structural complexity and landscape context on foraging birds in oil palm landscapes. Ibis 155:297–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azhar B, Lindenmayer DB, Wood J, Fischer J, Zakaria M (2014a) Ecological impacts of oil palm agriculture on forest mammals in plantation estates and smallholdings. Biodivers Conserv 23:1175–1191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azhar B, Puan CL, Zakaria M, Hassan N, Arif M (2014b) Effects of monoculture and polyculture practices in oil palm smallholdings on tropical farmland birds. Basic Appl Ecol 15:336–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azhar B, Saadun N, Puan CL, Kamarudin N, Aziz N, Nurhidayu S, Fischer J (2015) Promoting landscape heterogeneity to improve the biodiversity benefits of certified palm oil production: evidence from Peninsular Malaysia. Glob Ecol Conserv 3:553–561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benton TG, Vickery JA, Wilson JD (2003) Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key? Trends Ecol Evol 18:182–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berthinussen A, Altringham J (2012) The effect of a major road on bat activity and diversity. J Appl Ecol 49:82–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwat SA, Willis KJ (2008) Agroforestry as a solution to the oil-palm debate. Conserv Biol 22:1368–1369

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boatman ND, Brickle NW, Hart JD, Milsom TP, Morris AJ, Murray AWA, Murray A, Robertson PA (2004) Evidence for the indirect effects of pesticides on farmland birds. Ibis 146:131–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, 2nd edn. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell P, Reid NM, Zubaid A, Adnan AM, Kunz TH (2006) Comparative roosting ecology of Cynopterus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) fruit bats in Peninsular Malaysia. Biotropica 38:725–734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke KR, Gorley RN (2006) PRIMER v6: user manual/tutorial. PRIMER-E, Plymouth

    Google Scholar 

  • Colwell RK, Coddington JA (1994) Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philos Trans R Soc B 345:101–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colwell RK, Mao CX, Chang J (2004) Interpolating, extrapolating and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves. Ecology 85:2717–2727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook TC, Daniel T, Blumstein DT (2013) The omnivore’s dilemma: diet explains variation in vulnerability to vehicle collision mortality. Biol Conserv 167:310–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett AS, Pendlebury HM (1992) The butterflies of Malay Peninsula, 4th edn. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramb R, Curry GN (2012) Oil palm and rural livelihoods in the Asia-Pacific region: an overview. Asia Pacific Viewp 53:223–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dallimer M, Rouquette JR, Skinner AMJ, Armsworth PR, Maltby LM, Warren PH, Kevin J, Gaston KJ (2012) Contrasting patterns in species richness of birds, butterflies and plants along riparian corridors in an urban landscape. Divers Distrib 18:742–753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danielsen F, Beukema H, Burgess ND, Parish F, Brühl CA, Donald PF, Murdiyarso D, Phalan B, Reijnders L, Struebig M, Fitzherbert EB (2009) Biofuel plantations on forested lands: double jeopardy for biodiversity and climate. Conserv Biol 23:348–358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donald PF (2004) Biodiversity impacts of some agricultural commodity production systems. Conserv Biol 18:17–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donald PF, Evans AD (2006) Habitat connectivity and matrix restoration: the wider implications of agri-environment schemes. J Appl Ecol 43:209–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dormann CF, Elith J, Bacher S, Buchmann C, Carl G, Carré G, Marquéz JRG, Gruber B, Lafourcade B, Leitão PJ, Münkemüller T, McClean C, Osborne PE, Reineking B, Schröder B, Skidmore AK, Zurell D, Lautenbach S (2013) Collinearity: a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography 36:27–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards DP, Hodgson JA, Hamer KC, Mitchell SL, Ahmad AH, Cornell SJ, Wilcove DS (2010) Wildlife-friendly oil palm plantations fail to protect biodiversity effectively. Conserv Lett 3:236–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers Smith YC, Ehlers Smith DA, Seymour CL, Thébault E, van Veen FF (2015) Response of avian diversity to habitat modification can be predicted from life-history traits and ecological attributes. Landsc Ecol 30:1225–1239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estrada A, Coates-Estrada R (2002) Bats in continuous forest, forest fragments and in an agricultural mosaic habitat-island at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biol Conserv 103:237–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahrig L, Baudry J, Brotons L, Burel FG, Crist TO, Fuller RJ, Sirami C, Siriwardena GM, Martin JL (2011) Functional landscape heterogeneity and animal biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Ecol Lett 14:101–112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2007) FAOSTAT Online statistical service. http://faostat.fao.org. Accessed October 2007. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome

  • Fayle TM, Turner EC, Snaddon JL, Chey VK, Chung AY, Eggleton P, Foster WA (2010) Oil palm expansion into rain forest greatly reduces ant biodiversity in canopy, epiphytes and leaf-litter. Basic Appl Ecol 11:337–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feintrenie L, Chong WK, Levang P (2010) Why do farmers prefer oil palm? Lessons learnt from Bungo district, Indonesia. Small Scale For 9:379–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB, Manning AD (2006) Biodiversity, ecosystem function, and resilience: ten guiding principles for commodity production landscapes. Front Ecol Environ 4:80–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer J, Brosi B, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR, Goldman R, Goldstein J, Lindenmayer DB, Manning AD, Mooney HA, Pejchar L, Ranganathan J, Tallis H (2008) Should agricultural policies encourage land sparing or wildlife-friendly farming? Front Ecol Environ 6:380–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer C, Flohre A, Clement LW, Batáry P, Weisser WW, Tscharntke T, Thies C (2011) Mixed effects of landscape structure and farming practice on bird diversity. Agric Ecosyst Environ 141:119–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzherbert EB, Struebig MJ, Morel A, Danielsen F, Brulh CA, Donald PF, Phalan B (2008) How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity? Trends Ecol Evol 23:538–545

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster WA, Snaddon JL, Turner EC, Fayle TM, Cockerill TD, Ellwood MDF, Broad GR, Chung AYC, Eggleton P, Khen CV, Yusah KM (2011) Establishing the evidence base for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function in the oil palm landscapes of South East Asia. Philos Trans R Soc B 366:3277–3291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis C (2008) A field guide to the mammals of South-East Asia. New Holland Publishers, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda D, Tisen OB, Momose K, Sakai S (2009) Bat diversity in the vegetation mosaic around a lowland dipterocarp forest of Borneo. Raffles Bull Zool 57:213–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Geluso KN, Altenbach JS, Wilson DE (1976) Bat mortality: pesticide poisoning and migratory stress. Science 194:184–186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie GR, Ahmad E, Elahan B, Evans A, Ancrenaz M, Goossens B, Scroggie MP (2012) Conservation of amphibians in Borneo: relative value of secondary tropical forest and non-forest habitats. Biol Conserv 152:136–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green RE, Cornell SJ, Scharlemann JPW, Balmford A (2005) Farming and the fate of wild nature. Science 307:550–555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths GJ, Holland JM, Bailey A, Thomas MB (2008) Efficacy and economics of shelter habitats for conservation biological control. Biol control 45:200–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer KC, Hill JK, Benedick S, Mustaffa N, Chey VK, Maryati M (2006) Diversity and ecology of carrion-and fruit-feeding butterflies in Bornean rain forest. J Trop Ecol 22:25–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen SB, Olsen SI, Ujang Z (2014) Carbon balance impacts of land use changes related to the life cycle of Malaysian palm oil-derived biodiesel. Int J Life Cycle Assess 19:558–566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkison R, Balding ST, Zubaid A, Kunz TH (2004) Temporal variation in the relative abundance of fruit bats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) in relation to the availability of food in a lowland Malaysian rain forest. Biotropica 36:522–533

    Google Scholar 

  • Immerzeel DJ, Verweij PA, Hilst FVD, Faaij APC (2013) Biodiversity impacts of bioenergy crop production: a state-of-the-art review. Glob Chang Biol Bioenergy 6:183–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeyarajasingam A, Pearson A (2012) A field guide to the birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Juliani NS, Anuar MSS, Salmi ALN, Munira AN, Liyana KN (2011) Diversity pattern of bats at two contrasting habitat types along Kerian River, Perak, Malaysia. Trop Life Sci Res 22:13–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingston T, Lim BL, Zubaid A (2006) Bats of Krau wildlife reserve. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor

    Google Scholar 

  • Koczberski G, Curry GN (2005) Making a living: land pressures and changing livelihood strategies among oil palm settlers in Papua New Guinea. Agric Syst 85:324–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koh LP (2008) Can oil palm plantations be made more hospitable for forest butterflies and birds? J Appl Ecol 45:1002–1009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koh LP, Wilcove DS (2007) Cashing in palm oil for conservation. Nature 448:993–994

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koh LP, Wilcove DS (2008) Is oil palm agriculture really destroying tropical biodiversity? Conserv lett 1:60–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert MS, Quy RJ, Smith RH, Cowan DP (2008) The effect of habitat management on home-range size and survival of rural Norway rat populations. J Appl Ecol 45:1753–1761

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langellotto GA, Denno RF (2004) Responses of invertebrate natural enemies to complex-structured habitats: a meta-analytical synthesis. Oecologia 139:1–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lillesand T, Kiefer RW, Chipman J (2007) Remote sensing and image interpretation, 6th edn. Wiley, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Duan M, Yu Z (2013) Agricultural landscapes and biodiversity in China. Agric Ecosyst Environ 166:46–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malaysia Palm Oil Board 2013. Statistics. Available from http://509bepi.mpob.gov.my/. Accessed 7 March 2014

  • Manning AD, Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB (2006) Scattered trees are keystone structures—implications for conservation. Biol Conserv 132:311–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy JF (2010) Processes of inclusion and adverse incorporation: oil palm and agrarian change in Sumatra, Indonesia. J Peasant Stud 37:821–850

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy JF, Cramb RA (2009) Policy narratives, landholder engagement, and oil palm expansion on the Malaysian and Indonesian frontiers. Geogr J 175:112–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKinney ML, Lockwood JL (1999) Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends Ecol Evol 14:450–453

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeely JA, Scherr SJ (2003) Ecoagriculture: strategies to feed the world and save wild biodiversity. Island Press, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendenhall CD, Karp DS, Meyer CFJ, Hadly EA, Daily GC (2014) Predicting biodiversity change and averting collapse in agricultural landscapes. Nature 509:213–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meunier FD, Verheyden C, Jouventin P (1999) Bird communities of highway verges: influence of adjacent habitat and roadside management. Acta Oecol 20:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michel N, Burel F, Legendre P, Butet A (2007) Role of habitat and landscape in structuring small mammal assemblages in hedgerow networks of contrasted farming landscapes in Brittany, France. Landsc Ecol 22:1241–1253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moro D, Gadal S (2007) Benefits of habitat restoration to small mammal diversity and abundance in a pastoral agricultural landscape in mid-Wales. Biodivers Conserv 16:3543–3557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy DJ (2007) Future prospects for oil palm in the 21st century: biological and related challenges. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 109:296–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nájera A, Simonetti JA (2010) Enhancing avifauna in commercial plantations. Conserv Biol 24:319–324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nee K, Guan LP (1993) The avifauna of the North Selangor peat-swamp forest, West Malaysia. Bird Conserv Int 3:169–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norris K (2008) Agriculture and biodiversity conservation: opportunity knocks. Conserv Lett 1:2–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palomino D, Carrascal LM (2007) Threshold distances to nearby cities and roads influence the bird community of a mosaic landscape. Biol Conserv 140:100–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paruk JD (1990) Effects of roadside management practices on bird richness and reproduction. Trans Ill St Acad Sci 83:181–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Peh KSH, Sodhi NS, de Jong J, Sekercioglu CH, Yap CAM, Lim SLH (2006) Conservation value of degraded habitats for forest birds in southern Peninsular Malaysia. Divers Distrib 12:572–581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira MJR, Marques JT, Palmeirim JM (2010) Ecological responses of frugivorous bats to seasonal fluctuation in fruit availability in Amazonian forests. Biotropica 42:680–687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perfecto I, Vandermeer J (2010) The agroecological matrix as alternative to the land-sparing/agriculture intensification model. PNAS 107:5786–5791

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perfecto I, Vandermeer J, Wright A (2009) Nature’s matrix: linking agriculture, conservation and food sovereignty. Earthscan, Virginia

    Google Scholar 

  • Plieninger T, Schleyer C, Schaich H, Ohnesorge B, Gerdes H, Hernández-Morcillo M, Bieling C (2012) Mainstreaming ecosystem services through reformed European agricultural policies. Conserv Lett 5:281–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pogue DW, Schnell GD (2001) Effects of agricultural on habitat complexity in a prairie-forest ecotone in the Southern Great Plains of North America. Agric Ecosyst Environ 87:287–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pywell RF, Warman EA, Sparks TH, Greatorex-Davies JN, Walker KJ, Meek WR, Carvell C, Petit S, Firbank LG (2004) Assessing habitat quality for butterflies on intensively managed arable farmland. Biol Conserv 118:313–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rangel TF, Diniz-Filho JAF, Bini LM (2010) SAM: a comprehensive application for spatial analysis in macroecology. Ecography 33:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rist L, Feintrenie L, Levang P (2010) The livelihood impacts of oil palm: smallholders in Indonesia. Biodivers conserv 19:1009–1024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robson C (2011) Field guide to the birds of South-East Asia. New Holland, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Roulina A, Christea P (2013) Geographic and temporal variation in the consumption of bats by European Barn Owls. Bird Study 60:561–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruprecht AJ (1979) Bats (Chiroptera) as constituents of the food of barn owls Tyto alba in Poland. Ibis 121:489–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saldaña-Vázquez RA, Sosa VJ, Herna´ndez-Montero JR, Lo´pez-Barrera F (2010) Abundance responses of frugivorous bats (Stenodermatinae) to coffee cultivation and selective logging practices in mountainous central Veracruz, Mexico. Biodivers Conserv 19:2111–2124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savilaakso S, Garcia C, Garcia-Ulloa J, Ghazoul J, Groom M, Guariguata MR, Laumonier Y, Nasi R, Petrokofsky G, Snaddon J, Zrust M (2014) Systematic review of effects on biodiversity from oil palm production. Environ Evid 3:4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayer J, Ghazoul J, Nelson P, Boedhihartono AK (2012) Oil palm expansion transforms tropical landscapes and livelihoods. Glob Food Secur 1:114–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schall R (1991) Estimation in generalized linear-models with random effects. Biometrika 78:719–727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan TP, Sullivan DS, Hogue EJ, Lautenschlager RA, Wagner RG (1998) Population dynamics of small mammals in relation to vegetation management in orchard agroecosystems: compensatory responses in abundance and biomass. Crop Prot 17:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sumathi S, Chai SP, Mohamed AR (2008) Utilization of oil palm as a source of renewable energy in Malaysia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 12:2404–2421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summers PD, Cunnington GM, Fahrig L (2011) Are the negative effects of roads on breeding birds caused by traffic noise? J Appl Ecol 48:1527–1534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tscharntke T, Klein AM, Kruess A, Steffan-Dewenter I, Thies C (2005) Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity-ecosystem service management. Ecol Lett 8:857–874

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner EC, Foster WA (2009) The impact of forest conversion to oil palm on arthropod abundance and biomass in Sabah, Malaysia. J Trop Ecol 25:23–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandermeer J, Perfecto I (2007) The agricultural matrix and a future paradigm for conservation. Conserv Biol 21:274–277

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vargas J, Landaeta AC, Simonetti JA (2002) Bats as prey of barn owls (Tyto alba) in a tropical savanna in Bolivia. J Raptor Res 36:146–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Wicke B, Dornburg D, Junginger M, Faaij A (2008) Different palm oil production systems for energy purposes and their greenhouse gas implications. Biomass Bioenergy 32:1322–1337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcove DS, Koh LP (2010) Addressing the threats to biodiversity from oil-palm agriculture. Biodivers Conserv 19:999–1007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willott SJ, Lim DC, Compton SG, Sutton SL (2000) Effects of selective logging on the butterflies of a Bornean rainforest. Conserv Biol 14:1055–1065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JD, Morris AJ, Arroyo BE, Clark SC, Bradbury RB (1999) A review of the abundance and diversity of invertebrate and plant foods of granivorous birds in northern Europe in relation to agricultural change. Agric Ecosyst Environ 75:13–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zurcher AA, Sparks DW, Bennett VJ (2010) Why the bat did not cross the road? Acta Chiropterol 12:337–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research project was funded by the Research University Grant Scheme (03-02-122065RU) from Universiti Putra Malaysia. The authors would like to thank M. Syafiq and Nik M. Fariz for their kind assistance in bird survey and logistic matters. We thank Z. Akbar for providing constructive comments to improve this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biodiversity Unit, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Badrul Azhar & Chong Leong Puan

  2. Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Badrul Azhar, Chong Leong Puan, Muhammad Sainuddin, Nurfatin Adila, Sohaimi Samsuddin, Siti Asmah, Muhamad Syafiq, Syafiq A. Razak & Ahmad Hafizuddin

  3. School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, 7001, Australia

    Najjib Aziz

  4. Faculty of Science and Biotechnology, Universiti Selangor, 45600, Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

    Ainil Hawa

  5. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Syari Jamian

Authors
  1. Badrul Azhar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chong Leong Puan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Najjib Aziz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muhammad Sainuddin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nurfatin Adila
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sohaimi Samsuddin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Siti Asmah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Muhamad Syafiq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Syafiq A. Razak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Ahmad Hafizuddin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Ainil Hawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Syari Jamian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Badrul Azhar.

Additional information

Communicated by Dirk Sven Schmeller.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 31 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Azhar, B., Puan, C.L., Aziz, N. et al. Effects of in situ habitat quality and landscape characteristics in the oil palm agricultural matrix on tropical understory birds, fruit bats and butterflies. Biodivers Conserv 24, 3125–3144 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-1005-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-1005-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation