Abstract
Understanding the source of non-native introduced populations is crucial for forecasting geographic invasion potential and understanding the ecological consequences of potential establishment. Here we use genomics to identify the source populations and invasion dynamics of two non-native introduced populations from the iconic avian lineage of ‘great speciators’ known as white-eyes (genus Zosterops). We established confidently for the first time that introduced Zosterops populations in Hawaii and southern California are completely unrelated and derived from independent introductions of the species Z. japonicus and Z. simplex, respectively. We used descriptive population genetic statistics to identify a reduction in genetic diversity and increase in private alleles in the southern California population supporting a recent, potentially ongoing, genetic bottleneck in this population. In contrast, the introduced population in Hawaii showed no such characteristics, likely due to a larger founding population size and repeated introductions in this intentionally introduced population. Ecological niche modeling indicated that there is little environmentally suitable habitat for Z. simplex across the continent of North America, suggesting limited invasion potential, assuming niche conservatism. Yet, portions of the introduced Z. simplex population have already surpassed areas projected as suitable, likely because the urbanized environment of southern California offers biotic resources and microhabitats not captured by our model. Because Z. simplex appears to have overcome both the ‘invasion paradox’ of low founding genetic diversity and relatively unfamiliar environmental conditions in southern California, we suggest that this population may continue expanding beyond our environmental niche model projections in other temperate, urban regions.
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Data availability
All code needed to reproduce the results of this study can be found by following the links on the homepage of the dedicated GitHub repository for this project at: https://github.com/DevonDeRaad/zosterops.rad. The entire repository is also permanently versioned and accessioned via Zenodo at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10694997. The raw sequence data for each sample passing filtering protocols (i.e., all samples included in analyses presented in this manuscript) is available via NCBI's Sequence Read Archive, at the BioProject PRJNA1079333, which can be found at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/PRJNA1079333.
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Acknowledgements
Each Zosterops illustration shown in this manuscript is an original creation of H. Douglas Pratt and has been subsequently licensed and reproduced via the Cornell Lab of Ornithology Birds of the World, with permission from Lynx Edicions. We thank the Urban Nature Research Center for helpful feedback on an in-progress draft of this manuscript. We would like to thank the Volcano Islands Research Team of Tokyo Metropolitan Government; the National Museum of Science and Nature, Tokyo; the South China Institute for Endangered Animals; the University of Washington Burke Museum; the Cincinnati Museum Center; the American Museum of Natural History; the Field Museum; Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; and the University of Kansas Natural History Museum for providing the sampling necessary to complete this project.
Funding
This work was supported in part by National Science Foundation grant to RGM (DEB-1557053). This work was performed in part using the HPC facilities operated by the Center for Research Computing at the University of Kansas supported in part through the National Science Foundation MRI Award #2117449. DAD was supported by the Lila and Madison Self Graduate Fellowship during a portion of this project. HLM was supported through NSF Award #2322123. SMA was supported by a Stanford Science Fellowship.
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DAD and AJS conceptualized and designed the study. DAD performed molecular lab work, genomic data analysis, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. MEC and ATP performed ecological niche modeling analyses. RGM, AJS, KLG, IN, BM, FSZ, KK, CHK, RSY, CTY, and HLMJ all contributed crucial specimens and tissue samples to the project. RGM secured funding for genomic sequencing. All authors contributed substantial feedback on the analysis and interpretation of data across multiple drafts of this manuscript, and approved the final submitted version of the manuscript.
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DeRaad, D.A., Cobos, M.E., Hofmeister, N.R. et al. On the brink of explosion? Identifying the source and potential spread of introduced Zosterops white-eyes in North America. Biol Invasions (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-024-03268-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-024-03268-8