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Signatures of invasion: using an integrative approach to infer the spread of melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), across Southeast Asia and the West Pacific

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Abstract

Invasion into new areas by already widespread pest organisms often occurs through non-obvious routes, with the origins of such invasions difficult to determine. Understanding population structure using multiple datatypes can help untangle past dispersal events and reveal putative contemporary invasion pathways. The tephritid fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), is a serious pest of cucurbits and other commercial crops and is considered native to the Indo-Oriental region, but is invasive in both Africa and the Pacific. Here, we combine molecular (microsatellites and COI) and morphological (male genetalia length and wing shape geometric morphometrics) data within an integrative taxonomic framework to test hypotheses concerning levels of Z. cucurbitae population variation observed in Southeast Asia (native range, 10 sites, ~200 individuals) versus the West Pacific (invasive range, 4 sites, ~80 individuals), and whether single or multiple introductions of Z. cucurbitae have occurred into the West Pacific. We also use this case to explicitly test if using an integrative approach provides more information about hypothesized invasion pathways than either genetic or morphological approaches would do alone. All datasets support Z. cucurbitae as being more variable in Southeast Asia than the West Pacific, and within these regions populations appear to be structured geographically. In particular, mainland and Sundaic Southeast Asian locations formed separate clusters, and New Guinea and Solomon Islands were not closely related to Guam and Hawaii. Evidence supports a separate single origin for New Guinea from the Melanesian arc, the Solomon Islands from Malaysia/Singapore, and Guam from mainland Asia, but multiple introductions into Hawaii from mainland Asia. Taken together, we argue that there is great value in integrating evidence from multiple sources as it can provide finer resolution of population relationships than any single data source alone.

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Acknowledgements

YB was supported by a Royal Thai Government Scholarship. Research support for this study came from Consultancy Agreement 2012-SPSCPB-80655-DNABCPFF provided by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, through the support of Dr Ian Naumann. SLC was supported by the Australian Research Council (FT120100746). The data reported in this paper were obtained at the Central Analytical Research Facility operated by the Institute for Future Environments (QUT). Access to CARF is supported by generous funding from the Science and Engineering Faculty (QUT).The authors thank the Molecular Genetics Research Facility (QUT), Vincent Chand, and Dr. Litticia Bryant for laboratory assistance. We greatly acknowledge the following colleagues for assistance with field collections: Mr Am Phirum (Cambodia); Dr Suthana Ketmaro, Mrs Sirinee Poonchaisri, Miss Sunadda Chaovalit and Miss Chamaiporn Buamas (Thailand); Mr Francis Tsatsia (Solomon Islands); Mr He Liansheng and Ms Jenny Yap (Singapore); Dr Mark Ero (PNG); Mr Musa Mubah and Ms Suhana Yusof (Malaysia); Dr Pyone Pyone Kyi (Myanmar); Mr Rhodjz Orqui (Philippines); Dr Russell Campbell (Guam); Dr Todd Shelly (U.S.A.); Mr Yosef Rumbino (Indonesia); Dr Duong Minh Tu and Dr Dam Ngoc Han (Vietnam); and Dr Vijay Vijaysegaran (Australia).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia

    Yuvarin Boontop, Mark K. Schutze, Anthony R. Clarke, Stephen L. Cameron & Matt N. Krosch

  2. Entomology and Zoology Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, 50 Phaholyothin Rd, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand

    Yuvarin Boontop

  3. Queensland Primary Industries Insect Collection (QDPC), Department of Agriculture & Fisheries, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia

    Mark K. Schutze

  4. Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 301W State St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA

    Stephen L. Cameron

Authors
  1. Yuvarin Boontop
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  2. Mark K. Schutze
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  3. Anthony R. Clarke
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  4. Stephen L. Cameron
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  5. Matt N. Krosch
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matt N. Krosch.

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Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 83 kb)

Supplementary Figure 1

Scenarios of population relationships tested using DIYABC analysis. Populations were collapsed into six groups: mainland Southeast Asia (mSA: mainland Southeast Asia; M + S: Malaysia + Singapore; aSA: archipelagic Southeast Asia; NG: New Guinea; Sol: Solomon Islands; G + H: Guam + Hawaii) (TIFF 649 kb)

Supplementary Figure 2

Plots of scenario posterior probabilities under both the direct and logistic regression methods (TIFF 428 kb)

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Boontop, Y., Schutze, M.K., Clarke, A.R. et al. Signatures of invasion: using an integrative approach to infer the spread of melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), across Southeast Asia and the West Pacific. Biol Invasions 19, 1597–1619 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1382-8

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