Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Shaking table test of an RC frame considering horizontal and vertical ground motions

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper investigates the seismic performance of an RC frame subjected to horizontal ground motions and vertical ground motions (VGMs) through the application of a shaking table test of a two-story, 1/2-scale three-dimensional (X-, Y- and Z-axes) reinforced concrete (RC) frame. The horizontal ground motions and VGMs are input along the X- and Z-axes of the specimen, respectively. The structural responses monitored in the test include the specimen’s dynamic properties, displacements, and accelerations. The test results support the following findings: (1) the beams of the frame are heavily damaged due to the vertical load caused by the VGM. The damages to the beams on the second floor are more severe than those on the first floor because the vertical loads of the second story caused by VGMs are larger than those of the first story. (2) The vertical acceleration amplification factor of the slab in the first (second) story generally decreases from 3.54 to 2.93 (2.3–1.93) as the seismic intensity increases. (3) The horizontal frequency (X-axis) after the test is reduced to approximately 40% of the elastic frequency of the structure before the test. The vertical frequency (Z-axis) is reduced to approximately 65% of that of the undamaged structure. The horizontal frequency (Y-axis) after the test is also reduced to approximately 56% of the elastic frequency of the structure, although no seismic excitations are input along the Y-axis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  • Adam C, Furtmüller T, Moschen L (2013) Floor response spectra for moderately heavy nonstructural elements attached to ductile frame structures. In: Fragiadakis M, Plevris V, Papadrakakis M (eds) Computational methods in earthquake engineering. Computational methods in applied sciences. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 69–89

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Architectural Institute of Japan (1995) Preliminary reconnaissance report of the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake. Architectural Institute of Japan, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • ASCE/SEI 7-16 (2016) Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston

    Google Scholar 

  • Colangelo F (2020) Effect of earthquake statistically correlated vertical component on inelastic demand to regular reinforced-concrete frames. Eng Struct 211:110492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Sarno L, Elnashai AS, Manfredi G (2011) Assessment of RC columns subjected to horizontal and vertical ground motions recorded during the 2009 L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake. Eng Struct 33:1514–1535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doǧangün A (2004) Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the May 1, 2003 Bingöl earthquake in Turkey. Eng Struct 26:841–856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elgamal A, He L (2004) Vertical earthquake ground motion records: an overview. J Earthq Eng 8:663–697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eurocode (2004) Design of structures for earthquake resistance, part 1: general rules, seismic actions, and rules for buildings, EN1998-1. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  • European Committee for Standardization (2013) Design of structures for earthquake resistance-part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  • Fayaz J, Zareian F (2019) Reliability analysis of steel SMRF and SCBF structures considering the vertical component of near-fault ground motions. J Struct Eng 145:04019061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-Dávila VI, Cruz EF (2006) Parametric study of the non-linear seismic response of three-dimensional building models. Eng Struct 28:756–770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis TC, Hendry BC, Sullivan TJ (2017) Vertical spectral demands on building elements induced by earthquake excitation. In: New Zealand Society for earthquake engineering annual conference. Wellington, New Zealand, pp 1–8

  • Furukawa S, Sato E, Shi Y, Becker T, Nakashima M (2013) Full-scale shaking table test of a base-isolated medical facility subjected to vertical motions. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 42:1931–1949

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gremer N, Adam C, Medina RA, Moschen L (2019) Vertical peak floor accelerations of elastic moment-resisting steel frames. Bull Earthq Eng 17:3233–3254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzman Pujols JC, Ryan KL (2020) Slab vibration and horizontal–vertical coupling in the seismic response of low-rise irregular base-isolated and conventional buildings. J Earthq Eng 24:1–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall JF (1994) Northridge earthquake January 17, 1994-preliminary reconnaissance report. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington CC, Liel AB (2016) Collapse assessment of moment frame buildings, considering vertical ground shaking. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 45:2475–2493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunnath SK, Erduran E, Chai YH, Yashinsky M (2008) Effect of near-fault vertical ground motions on seismic response of highway overcrossings. J Bridge Eng 13:282–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee H, Mosalam KM (2014) Seismic evaluation of the shear behavior in reinforced concrete bridge columns including effect of vertical accelerations. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 43:317–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of P. R. China (2010) Code for seismic design of buildings. China Architecture and Building Press, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • Morcarz P, Krawinkler H (1981) Theory and application of experimental model analysis in earthquake engineering, Report No. 50, John Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University

  • Moschen L, Medina RA, Adam C (2016) Vertical acceleration demands on column lines of steel moment-resisting frames. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 45:2039–2060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newmark NM, Blume JA, Kapur KK (1973) Seismic design spectra for nuclear power plants. J Power Div 99:287–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noor FA, Boswell LF (1992) Small scale modelling of concrete structures. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Papazoglou AJ, Elnashai AS (1996) Analytical and field evidence of the damaging effect of vertical earthquake ground motion. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 25:1109–1137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pujols JCG, Ryan KL (2018) Computational simulation of slab vibration and horizontal–vertical coupling in a full-scale test bed subjected to 3D shaking at E-defense. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 47:438–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qi LJ, Kurata M, Ikeda Y, Kunitomo K, Takaoka M (2021) Seismic evaluation of two-elevation ceiling system by shake table tests. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 50:1147–1166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan KL, Soroushian S, Maragakis EM, Sato E, Sasaki T, Okazaki T (2016) Seismic simulation of an integrated ceiling-partition wall-piping system at E-defense. I: three-dimensional structural response and base isolation. J Struct Eng 142:04015130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saadeghvariri MA, Foutch DA (1991) Dynamic behaviour of R/C highway bridges under the combined effect of vertical and horizontal earthquake motions. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 20:535–549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun YB, Cao TJ, Xiao Y (2019) Full-scale steel column tests under simulated horizontal and vertical earthquake loadings. J Constr Steel Res 163:105767

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taslimi A, Tehranizadeh M (2022) The effect of vertical near-field ground motions on the collapse risk of high-rise reinforced concrete frame-core wall structures. Adv Struct Eng 25(2):410–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vamvatsikos D, Zeris C (2008) Influence of uncertain vertical loads and accelerations on the seismic performance of an RC building. In: 3rd Panhellenic conference on earthquake engineering and engineering seismology, Athens

  • Wang D, Xie L (2009) Attenuation of peak ground accelerations from the great Wenchuan earthquake. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 8:179–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang GQ, Zhou XY, Zhang PZ, Igel H (2002) Characteristics of amplitude and duration for near fault strong ground motion from the 1999 Chi-Chi Taiwan Earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 22:73–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang DZ, Dai JW, Qu Z, Ning XQ (2016) Shake table tests of suspended ceilings to simulate the observed damage in the Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake China. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 15:239–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang T, Shang QX, Li JC (2020) Seismic force demands on acceleration-sensitive nonstructural components: a state-of-the-art review. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 20:39–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang Y, Guo J, KIshiki S (2022) Analytical approach for vertical floor acceleration of regular RC frames under earthquake excitation. Eng Struct 251(10):113546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie J, Li X, Wen Z, Wu C (2014) Near-source vertical and horizontal strong ground motion from the 20 April 2013 Mw 6.8 Lushan earthquake in China. Seismol Res Lett 85:23–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Y, Lu XL (2012) Method and technology for shaking table model test of building structures. China Science Publishing and Media Led, Beijing (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research project is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFE0112700), Scientific Research Fund of the Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration (Grant Nos. 2019C11 and 2019A01), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52178514 and 51708523) and Science Foundation of Heilongjiang (LH2019E097).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin, 150080, China

    Zhanxuan Zuo, Maosheng Gong & Kunyang Wang

  2. Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin, 150080, China

    Zhanxuan Zuo, Maosheng Gong & Kunyang Wang

  3. School of Civil Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China

    Jing Sun

Authors
  1. Zhanxuan Zuo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maosheng Gong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kunyang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jing Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Maosheng Gong or Jing Sun.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zuo, Z., Gong, M., Wang, K. et al. Shaking table test of an RC frame considering horizontal and vertical ground motions. Bull Earthquake Eng 21, 5525–5544 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01737-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01737-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation