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A parametric study on out-of-plane instability of doubly reinforced structural walls. Part II: Experimental investigation

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Abstract

The effects of different parameters on the evolution of Out-Of-Plane (OOP) instability in rectangular walls were studied using a validated FEM model. Based on this parametric analysis, a test matrix was designed to experimentally investigate the progression of this mode of failure in rectangular walls. Results of the parametric study were presented within a companion paper, while the experimental observations as well as the numerical versus experimental comparisons are presented in this paper. The wall specimens were tested under in-plane cyclic loading and they exhibited different OOP responses. The development of OOP mechanisms was observed in all tested specimens, albeit with different values of maximum OOP displacement and followed by different types of instability. Progression of OOP deformation was suppressed by other failure modes in all specimens except one which failed due to large OOP displacement and global instability. In this study, the progression of OOP deformation and its relationship with the inelastic strain gradients of the longitudinal reinforcement along the length and height of the specimens are scrutinized and the numerical predictions are compared with the test measurements. The experimental findings regarding the evolution of this mode of failure and the influential parameters are in good agreement with the numerical predictions. However, the onset of OOP deformation typically had a delay in the numerical model when compared to the test results. One of the factors inducing this difference could be the effect of inherent and mostly unmeasurable eccentricities, including material, geometry as well as loading imperfections, which were not included in the model.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Note: The OOP displacement history corresponds to the elevation of 600 mm from the base (where the initial OOP displacement measured by the instrument was maximum) for all the specimens

Fig. 3

Note: Variation of parameters in each specimen with respect to the benchmark specimen is underlined

Fig. 4

Note: The plots shown in this figure correspond to a 2 mm step size in the FEM prediction conducted in part I (Dashti et al. 2020a). As described and displayed in Sect. 5.1, the use of a smaller step size in the numerical model resulted in a more accurate prediction of the initial OOP deformation

Fig. 5

Note: The strain histories are plotted up to the 3rd 1.5% drift cycle to study their connection with the onset of OOP deformation

Fig. 6

Note: The average strains are calculated using the measurements of the linear potentiometers attached to both faces of the specimens, as indicated in Fig. 1

Fig. 7

Note: The average strains are calculated using the measurements of the linear potentiometers attached to south face and along the length of the specimens, as indicated in Fig. 1c

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support provided by the Natural Hazard Research Platform (NHRP), the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) and the Quake Centre at the University of Canterbury to conduct this research as well as the specimen fabrication scrupulously done by Bradford Precast. The considerate technician support provided by Alan Thirlwell at the University of Canterbury is also greatly appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Quake Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Farhad Dashti & Mayank Tripathi

  2. Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand

    Rajesh P. Dhakal & Stefano Pampanin

  3. Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Stefano Pampanin

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  1. Farhad Dashti
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  2. Mayank Tripathi
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Correspondence to Farhad Dashti.

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Dashti, F., Tripathi, M., Dhakal, R.P. et al. A parametric study on out-of-plane instability of doubly reinforced structural walls. Part II: Experimental investigation. Bull Earthquake Eng 18, 5193–5220 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00898-w

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