IgM and IgG antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus are detected in subjects who have recovered from COVID-19; IgM antibodies persist in a 1/3 of infected subjects up to 12 months from the moment of the disease, while IgG antibodies are present in the vast majority of cases (97%; medium and high levels antibodies were registered in 85% of cases). By the 12th month, 40% of those who recovered still have a very high level of IgG antibodies to the S-protein (>500 BAU/ml). In the feces, urine, and blood serum of patients with long-term persistent IgM antibodies, no coronavirus antigens were detected. After vaccination with the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine, IgG antibodies to the S-protein are detected in 100% of cases and remain at a high level for 4 months, by the 5-6th month, the level of antibodies decreases. During revaccination, the level of IgG antibodies to S-protein reaches high values earlier than during primary vaccination, and remains high for 4 months (observation period). The blood sera of recovered and vaccinated patients have a high virus-neutralizing activity (at least 1:80), while its level is somewhat higher in recovered patients.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bruyakin SD, Makarevich DA. Structural proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus: role, immunogenicity, superantigenic properties and potential use for therapeutic purposes. Vestnik Volgograd. Gos. Med. Univer. 2021;(2):18-27. Russian. doi: https://doi.org/10.19163/1994-9480-2021-2(78)-18-27
Morgenlander WR, Henson SN, Monaco DR, Chen A, Littlefield K, Bloch EM, Fujimura E, Ruczinski I, Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Butler SE, Weiner JA, Li MZ, Bonny TS, Benner SE, Balagopal A, Sullivan D, Shoham S, Quinn TC, Eshleman SH, Casadevall A, Redd AD, Laeyendecker O, Ackerman ME, Pekosz A, Elledge SJ, Robinson M, Tobian AA, Larman HB. Antibody responses to endemic coronaviruses modulate COVID-19 convalescent plasma functionality. J. Clin. Invest. 2021;131(7):e146927. doi: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI146927
Tai W, He L, Zhang X, Pu J, Voronin D, Jiang S, Zhou Y, Du L. Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 2020;17(6):613-620. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0400-4
Aleshkin AV, Novikova LI, Bochkareva SS, Kombarova SYu, Lebedin YuS, Vorob’ev AM, Mekhtiev ER, Zul’karneev ER, Laishevtsev AI, Karaulov AV. Dynamics of antibodies to various antigens of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2021;171(2):230-233. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-021-05200-9
Gushchin VA, Dolzhikova IV, Shchetinin AM, Odintsova AS, Siniavin AE, Nikiforova MA, Pochtovyi AA, Shidlovskaya EV, Kuznetsova NA, Burgasova OA, Kolobukhina LV, Iliukhina AA, Kovyrshina AV, Botikov AG, Kuzina AV, Grousova DM, Tukhvatulin AI, Shcheblyakov DV, Zubkova OV, Karpova OV, Voronina OL, Ryzhova NN, Aksenova EI, Kunda MS, Lioznov DA, Danilenko DM, Komissarov AB, Tkachuck AP, Logunov DY, Gintsburg AL. Neutralizing activity of sera from Sputnik V-vaccinated people against variants of concern (VOC: B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617.2, B.1.617.3) and Moscow endemic SARS-CoV-2 variants. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(7):779. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070779
Dolzhikova IV, Iliukhina AA, Kovyrshina AV, Kuzina AV, Gushchin VA, Siniavin AE, Pochtovyi AA, Shidlovskaya EV, Kuznetsova NA, Megeryan MM, Dzharullaeva AS, Erokhova AS, Izhaeva FM, Grousova DM, Botikov AG, Shcheblyakov DV, Tukhvatulin AI, Zubkova OV, Logunov DY, Gintsburg AL. Sputnik Light booster after Sputnik V vaccination induces robust neutralizing antibody response to B.1.1.529 (Omicron) SARS-CoV-2 variant. medRxiv. 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.17.21267976
Lapa D, Grousova DM, Matusali G, Meschi S, Colavita F, Bettini A, Gramigna G, Francalancia M, Garbuglia AR, Girardi E, Puro V, Antinori A, Kovyrshina AV, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV, Tukhvatulin AI, Zubkova OV, Logunov DY, Naroditsky BS, Vaia F, Gintsburg AL. Retention of Neutralizing response against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Sputnik V vaccinated individuals. medRxiv. 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.15.22269335
Lagunas-Rangel FA, Chávez-Valencia V. What do we know about the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2? Immunobiology. 2021;226(2):152054. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152054
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 173, No. 6, pp. 719-725, June, 2022
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kombarova, S.Y., Aleshkin, A.V., Novikova, L.I. et al. Features of the Humoral Response to Infection, Vaccination, and Revaccination during COVID-19. Bull Exp Biol Med 173, 734–739 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-022-05620-1
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-022-05620-1