Abstract
We have carried out a detailed study of the single pulse of PSR J1946 + 1805 with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). We reassessed the nulling fraction (NF) to be 57.5%. We also reverted the multiple drifting modes and obtained their drifting parameters. It is found that, for this pulsar, there exists the dwarf pulse at the beginning or end of the burst state, and the duration of dwarf pulse usually is one to two pulse periods. Additionally, we observed that there are scattered dwarf pulses detected in the null state. Detailed analysis of the fraction of linear polarization for all dwarf pulse is presented. It is worth noting that relative to normal pulses these dwarf pulses have a very high fraction of linear polarization, even more than 90%. We proposed that the dwarf pulses appearing at the beginning or end of the burst state may be a common behavior, which is important to understand the physical mechanism of the process of switching between two states.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
29 February 2024
The original version of this article has been revised: Figure 5 has been corrected.
05 March 2024
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-024-04289-4
References
Backer, D.C.: Pulsar nulling phenomena. Nature 228(5266), 42–43 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1038/228042a0
Basu, R., Mitra, D.: Radio emission features in different modes of PSR J0826 + 2637 (B0823 + 26). Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 487(4), 4536–4549 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1590. arXiv:1906.02255 [astro-ph.HE]
Basu, R., Mitra, D., Melikidze, G.I., et al.: Meterwavelength single-pulse polarimetric emission survey. II. The phenomenon of drifting subpulses. Astrophys. J. 833(1), 29 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/833/1/29. arXiv:1608.00050 [astro-ph.HE]
Basu, R., Mitra, D., Melikidze, G.I.: Meterwavelength single-pulse polarimetric emission survey. III. The phenomenon of nulling in pulsars. Astrophys. J. 846(2), 109 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa862d. arXiv:1708.02499 [astro-ph.HE]
Basu, R., Mitra, D., Melikidze, G.I., et al.: Classification of subpulse drifting in pulsars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 482(3), 3757–3788 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2846. arXiv:1810.08423 [astro-ph.HE]
Basu, R., Lewandowski, W., Kijak, J.: Subpulse drifting and periodic nulling in single pulse emission of PSR B2000 + 40. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 499(1), 906–913 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2398. arXiv:2008.03329 [astro-ph.HE]
Basu, R., Mitra, D., Melikidze, G.I.: Periodic modulation: newly emergent emission behavior in pulsars. Astrophys. J. 889(2), 133 (2020b). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab63c9. arXiv:1912.06868 [astro-ph.HE]
Bhattacharyya, B., Gupta, Y., Gil, J., et al.: Discovery of a remarkable subpulse drift pattern in PSR B0818-41. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 377(1), L10–L14 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00293.x. arXiv:astro-ph/0702402 [astro-ph]
Bhattacharyya, B., Gupta, Y., Gil, J.: Investigation of the unique nulling properties of PSR B0818-41. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 408(1), 407–421 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17116.x. arXiv:1006.0377 [astro-ph.SR]
Bilous, A.V.: PSR B0943 + 10: low-frequency study of subpulse periodicity in the Bright mode with LOFAR. Astron. Astrophys. 616, A119 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732106. arXiv:1710.05621 [astro-ph.SR]
Bilous, A.V., Kondratiev, V.I., Kramer, M., et al.: A LOFAR census of non-recycled pulsars: average profiles, dispersion measures, flux densities, and spectra. Astron. Astrophys. 591, A134 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527702. arXiv:1511.01767 [astro-ph.SR]
Burke-Spolaor, S., Johnston, S., Bailes, M., et al.: The high time resolution universe pulsar survey - V. Single-pulse energetics and modulation properties of 315 pulsars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 423(2), 1351–1367 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20998.x. arXiv:1203.6068 [astro-ph.SR]
Chen, X., Yan, Y., Han, J.L., et al.: Strong and weak pulsar radio emission due to thunderstorms and raindrops of particles in the magnetosphere. Nat. Astron. 7, 1235–1244 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-023-02056-z. arXiv:2306.12017 [astro-ph.HE]
Deich, W.T.S., Cordes, J.M., Hankins, T.H., et al.: Null transition times, quantized drift modes, and no memory across nulls for PSR 1944 + 17. Astrophys. J. 300, 540 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1086/163831
Drake, F.D., Craft, H.D.: Second periodic pulsation in pulsars. Nature 220(5164), 231–235 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1038/220231a0
Force, M.M., Rankin, J.M.: Subpulse modulation, moding and nulling of the five-component pulsar B1737 + 13. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 406(1), 237–246 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16703.x
Gajjar, V., Joshi, B.C., Kramer, M.: A survey of nulling pulsars using the giant meterwave radio telescope. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 424(2), 1197–1205 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21296.x. arXiv:1205.2550 [astro-ph.SR]
Gajjar, V., Yuan, J.P., Yuen, R., et al.: On nulling, drifting, and their interactions in PSRs J1741-0840 and J1840-0840. Astrophys. J. 850(2), 173 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa96ac
Gogoberidze, G., Machabeli, G.Z., Melrose, D.B., et al.: On the origin of the drifting subpulses in radio pulsars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 360(2), 669–674 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09070.x. arXiv:astro-ph/0504042 [astro-ph]
Hankins, T.H., Fowler, L.A.: Frequency dependence of the main pulse to interpulse separation for seven pulsars. Astrophys. J. 304, 256 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1086/164159
Hobbs, G., Lyne, A.G., Kramer, M., et al.: VizieR Online Data Catalog: Long-term timing observations of 374 pulsars (Hobbs + (2005). 2004, VizieR Online Data Catalog J/MNRAS/353/1311
Hotan, A.W., van Straten, W., Manchester, R.N.: PSRCHIVE and PSRFITS: an open approach to radio pulsar data storage and analysis. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 21(3), 302–309 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1071/AS04022. arXiv:astro-ph/0404549 [astro-ph]
Janssen, G.H., van Leeuwen, J.: Intermittent nulls in PSR B0818-13, and the subpulse-drift alias mode. Astron. Astrophys. 425, 255–261 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041062. arXiv:astro-ph/0406486 [astro-ph]
Kijak, J., Gil, J.: Radio emission altitudes in pulsar magnetospheres. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 288(3), 631–637 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/288.3.631
Kloumann, I.M., Rankin, J.M.: On the long and short nulls, modes and interpulse emission of radio pulsar B1944 + 17. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 408(1), 40–52 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17114.x. arXiv:1007.1950 [astro-ph.SR]
Kou, F.F., Yan, W.M., Peng, B., et al.: Periodic and phase-locked modulation in PSR B1929 + 10 observed with FAST. Astrophys. J. 909(2), 170 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd545. arXiv:2012.10156 [astro-ph.HE]
Manchester, R.N., Hobbs, G.B., Teoh, A., et al.: The Australia telescope national facility pulsar catalogue. Astron. J. 129(4), 1993–2006 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1086/428488. arXiv:astro-ph/0412641 [astro-ph]
McSweeney, S.J., Bhat, N.D.R., Wright, G., et al.: The frequency-dependent behavior of subpulse drifting. I. Carousel geometry and emission heights of PSR B0031-07. Astrophys. J. 883(1), 28 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3a97. arXiv:1908.03677 [astro-ph.HE]
Mitra, D., Rankin, J.M.: Toward an empirical theory of pulsar emission. IX. On the peculiar properties and geometric regularity of lyne and manchester’s “PArtial cone” pulsars. Astrophys. J. 727(2), 92 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/727/2/92. arXiv:1011.0556 [astro-ph.GA]
Olszanski, T.E.E., Mitra, D., Rankin, J.M.: Arecibo 4.5/1.4/0.33-GHz polarimetric single-pulse emission survey. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 489(2), 1543–1555 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2172. arXiv:1909.09685 [astro-ph.HE]
Qiao, G.J., Lee, K.J., Zhang, B., et al.: A model for the challenging “bi-drifting” phenomenon in PSR J0815 + 09. Astrophys. J. Lett. 616(2), L127–L130 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/426862. arXiv:astro-ph/0410479 [astro-ph]
Rankin, J.M.: Toward an empirical theory of pulsar emission. I. Morphological taxonomy. Astrophys. J. 274, 333–358 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1086/161450
Rankin, J.M.: Toward an empirical theory of pulsar emission. III. Mode changing, drifting subpulses, and pulse nulling. Astrophys. J. 301, 901 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1086/163955
Rejep, R., Wang, N., Yan, W.M., et al.: Nulling and subpulse drifting in PSR J1727-2739. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 509(2), 2507–2516 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3063. arXiv:2110.10903 [astro-ph.HE]
Ritchings, R.T.: Pulsar single pulse intensity measurements and pulse nulling. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 176, 249–263 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/176.2.249
Ruderman, M.A., Sutherland, P.G.: Theory of pulsars: polar gaps, sparks, and coherent microwave radiation. Astrophys. J. 196, 51–72 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1086/153393
Smits, J.M., Mitra, D., Kuijpers, J.: Frequency dependence of the drifting subpulses of PSR B0031-07. Astron. Astrophys. 440(2), 683–692 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041626. arXiv:astro-ph/0506264 [astro-ph]
Song, X., Weltevrede, P., Szary, A., et al.: The thousand-pulsar-array programme on MeerKAT - VIII. The subpulse modulation of 1198 pulsars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 520(3), 4562–4581 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad135. arXiv:2301.04067 [astro-ph.HE]
Szary, A., van Leeuwen, J.: On the origin of the bi-drifting subpulse phenomenon in pulsars. Astrophys. J. 845(2), 95 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa803a. arXiv:1707.05046 [astro-ph.HE]
Szary, A., van Leeuwen, J., Wright, G., et al.: MeerKAT observations of the reversing drifting subpulses in PSR J1750-3503. Astrophys. J. 934(1), 23 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac75e2. arXiv:2206.02382 [astro-ph.HE]
van Leeuwen, A.G.J., Kouwenhoven, M.L.A., Ramachandran, R., et al.: Null-induced mode changes in PSR B0809 + 74. Astron. Astrophys. 387, 169–178 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20020254. arXiv:astro-ph/0202477 [astro-ph]
van Leeuwen, A.G.J., Stappers, B.W., Ramachandran, R., et al.: Probing drifting and nulling mechanisms through their interaction in PSR B0809 + 74. Astron. Astrophys. 399, 223–229 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20021630. arXiv:astro-ph/0208344 [astro-ph]
van Straten, W., Bailes, M.: DSPSR: digital signal processing software for pulsar astronomy. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 28(1), 1–14 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1071/AS10021. arXiv:1008.3973 [astro-ph.IM]
van Straten, W., Demorest, P., Oslowski, S.: Pulsar data analysis with PSRCHIVE. Astron. Res. Technol. 9(3), 237–256 (2012). arXiv:1205.6276 [astro-ph.IM]
Vaughan, A.E., Large, M.I.: Five new pulsars. Nature 225(5228), 167–168 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1038/225167a0
Wang, P.F., Han, J.L.: Highly polarized components of integrated pulse profiles. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 462(4), 4416–4426 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1956. arXiv:1608.07360 [astro-ph.HE]
Wang, N., Manchester, R.N., Johnston, S.: Pulsar nulling and mode changing. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 377(3), 1383–1392 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11703.x. arXiv:astro-ph/0703241 [astro-ph]
Wang, P.F., Han, J.L., Han, L., et al.: Jiamusi pulsar observations. III. Nulling of 20 pulsars. Astron. Astrophys. 644, A73 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038867. arXiv:2009.08637 [astro-ph.HE]
Wang, P.F., Han, J.L., Xu, J., et al.: FAST pulsar database. I. Polarization profiles of 682 pulsars. Res. Astron. Astrophys. 23(10), 104002 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4527/acea1f. arXiv:2307.10340 [astro-ph.HE]
Weltevrede, P., Johnston, S.: Profile and polarization characteristics of energetic pulsars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 391(3), 1210–1226 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13950.x. arXiv:0809.2438 [astro-ph]
Weltevrede, P., Stappers, B.W., Edwards, R.T.: The subpulse modulation properties of pulsars at 92 cm and the frequency dependence of subpulse modulation. Astron. Astrophys. 469(2), 607–631 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20066855. arXiv:0704.3572 [astro-ph]
Wen, Z.G., Wang, N., Yuan, J.P., et al.: Investigation of nulling and subpulse drifting properties of PSR J1727-2739. Astron. Astrophys. 592, A127 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628214. arXiv:1605.06616 [astro-ph.HE]
Wright, G.: Pulsar emission patterns seen as evidence for magnetospheric interactions. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 514(3), 4046–4060 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1629
Xu, X., Shang, L.H., Zhi, Q.J., et al.: A systematic study of the frequency evolution behavior of pulsar pulse profiles. Astrophys. J. 917(2), 108 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0b40
Xu, X., Shang, L., Zhi, Q., et al.: Investigating the multidrifting behaviour of subpulses in PSR J2007 + 0910 with the FAST. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 527(2), 3761–3770 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad3403. arXiv:2311.02555 [astro-ph.HE]
Yan, W.M., Manchester, R.N., Wang, N., et al.: Periodic Q-mode modulation in PSR J1825-0935 (PSR B1822-09). Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 485(3), 3241–3247 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz650. arXiv:1903.01989 [astro-ph.HE]
Zhi, Q.J., Xu, X., Shang, L.H., et al.: Frequency evolution behavior of pulse profile of PSR B1737 + 13 with the inverse Compton scattering model. Astrophys. J. 926(1), 73 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac4499
Zhi, Q., Xu, X., Shang, L., et al.: The drifting subpulse and nulling of PSR B0820 + 02 observed with FAST. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 520(1), 1332–1338 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad235
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by he National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12273008), the National SKA Program of China (No.2022SKA0130104), the Natural Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province (Nos. [2023]024, ZK[2022]304), the Foundation of Guizhou Provincial Education Department (Nos. KY (2020) 003, KY[2022]137, KY[2022]132), the Academic New Seedling Fund Project of Guizhou Normal University (No. [2022]B18), the Major Science and Technology Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (No.2022A03013-4). This work uses the data from the FAST telescope (Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope). FAST is a Chinese national mega-science facility, built and operated by the National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
J.T. processed the data; Q.J.Z, S.J.D. and J.T. drafted the paper; X.X. contribued to the writing and analysis, J.T.B., J.G.L., L.H S., S.D.,D.D.Z., G.J.Q., R.S.Z., A.J.D. and W.Q.Z. contributed to analysis of the paper.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The original version of this article has been revised: Figure 5 has been corrected.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Tian, J., Xu, X., Bai, J. et al. Investigation of states switch properties of PSR J1946 + 1805 with the FAST. Astrophys Space Sci 369, 21 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-024-04284-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-024-04284-9