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Timing and spectral studies of the X-ray pulsar 2S 1417–624 during the outburst in 2021

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Abstract

We study the timing and spectral properties of the X-ray pulsar 2S 1417–624 during the recent outburst in January 2021 based on the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) observation. We also used some early data from the 2018 outburst to compare different temporal and spectral properties. The evolution of the spin period and pulsed flux is studied with Fermi/GBM during the outburst and the spin-up rate is found to be varied between \(\simeq(0.8\hbox{--}1.8)\times 10^{-11}\text{ Hz}\,\text{s}^{-1}\). The pulse profile shows energy dependence and variability. The pulse profile shows multiple peaks and dips which evolve with energy. The evolution of the spectral state of this source is also studied using the hardness intensity diagram (HID). The HID shows a transition from the horizontal to the diagonal branch, which implies the source went through a state transition from the subcritical to supercritical accretion regime. The NICER energy spectrum is well described by a composite model of a power-law with a higher cut-off energy and blackbody components along with a photo-electric absorption component. An iron emission line is detected near 6.4 keV in the NICER spectrum with an equivalent width of ∼0.05 keV. The photon index shows an anti-correlation with flux below the critical flux. The mass accretion rate is estimated to be \(\simeq 1.3 \times 10^{17}\text{ g}\,\text{s}^{-1}\) near the peak of the outburst. We have found a positive correlation between the pulse frequency derivatives and luminosity. The Ghosh and Lamb model is applied to estimate the magnetic field at different spin-up rates, which is compared to the earlier estimated magnetic field at a relatively high mass accretion rate. The magnetic field is estimated to be \(\simeq 10^{14}\) G from the torque-luminosity model using the distance estimated by Gaia, which is comparatively higher than most of the other Be/XBPs.

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Data Availability

The data underlying this article are publicly available in the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) at https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/db-perl/W3Browse/w3browse.pl.

Notes

  1. https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/nicer/tools/nicer_bkg_est_tools.html.

  2. https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/results/transients/.

  3. https://gammaray.nsstc.nasa.gov/gbm/science/pulsars.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the anonymous reviewer for useful suggestions, which helped to improve the manuscript significantly. This research has made use of the MAXI data provided by RIKEN, JAXA, and the MAXI team. We acknowledge the use of public data from the NICER, and Fermi data archives.

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The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Midnapore City College, Kuturia, Bhadutala, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, 721129, India

    Manoj Mandal & Sabyasachi Pal

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  1. Manoj Mandal
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  2. Sabyasachi Pal
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All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Data analysis was performed by Manoj Mandal and Sabyasachi Pal. The first draft of the manuscript was jointly written by both authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sabyasachi Pal.

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Mandal, M., Pal, S. Timing and spectral studies of the X-ray pulsar 2S 1417–624 during the outburst in 2021. Astrophys Space Sci 367, 112 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-022-04150-6

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