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On the connection of gamma-ray bursts and X-ray flashes in the BATSE and RHESSI databases

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Abstract

Classification of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) into groups has been intensively studied by various statistical tests in previous years. It has been suggested that there was a distinct group of GRBs, beyond the long and short ones, with intermediate durations. However, such a group is not securely confirmed yet. Strangely, concerning the spectral hardness, the observations from the Swift and RHESSI satellites give different results. For the Swift/BAT database it is found that the intermediate-duration bursts might well be related to so-called X-ray flashes (XRFs). On the other hand, for the RHESSI dataset the intermediate-duration bursts seem to be spectrally too hard to be given by XRFs. The connection of the intermediate-duration bursts and XRFs for the BATSE database is not clear as well. The purpose of this article is to check the relation between XRFs and GRBs for the BATSE and RHESSI databases, respectively. We use an empirical definition of XRFs introduced by other authors earlier. For the RHESSI database we also use a transformation between the detected counts and the fluences based on the simulated detector response function. The purpose is to compare the hardnesses of GRBs with the definition of XRFs. There is a 1.3–4.2 % fraction of XRFs in the whole BATSE database. The vast majority of the BATSE short bursts are not XRFs because only 0.7–5.7 % of the short bursts can be given by XRFs. However, there is a large uncertainty in the fraction of XRFs among the intermediate-duration bursts. The fraction of 1–85 % of the BATSE intermediate-duration bursts can be related to XRFs. For the long bursts this fraction is between 1.0 % and 3.4 %. The uncertainties in these fractions are large, however it can be claimed that all BATSE intermediate-duration bursts cannot be given by XRFs. At least 79 % of RHESSI short bursts, at least 53 % of RHESSI intermediate-duration bursts, and at least 45 % of RHESSI long bursts should not be given by XRFs. A simulation of XRFs observed by HETE-2 and Swift has shown that RHESSI would detect, and in fact detected, only one long-duration XRF out of 26 ones observed by those two satellites. We arrive at the conclusion that the intermediate-duration bursts in the BATSE database can be partly populated by XRFs, but the RHESSI intermediate-duration bursts are most likely not given by XRFs. The results, claiming that the Swift/BAT intermediate-duration bursts are closely related to XRFs do not hold for the BATSE and RHESSI databases.

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Notes

  1. http://www.batse.msfc.nasa.gov/batse/grb/catalog.

  2. http://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/swift/swiftsc.html.

  3. http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/index.html.

  4. http://www.asdc.asi.it/bepposax/.

  5. http://space.mit.edu/HETE/.

  6. http://gammaray.msfc.nasa.gov/batse/grb/catalog/current/.

  7. http://www.batse.msfc.nasa.gov/~goldstein/.

  8. http://www.harrisgeospatial.com/ProductsandSolutions/GeospatialProducts/IDL.aspx.

  9. http://idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov/.

  10. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/caldb/swift/docs/bat/SWIFT-BAT-CALDB-BTI-V6.pdf.

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank S. Appleby, Z. Bagoly, L.G. Balázs, G.J. Fishman, I. Horváth, J. Kóbori, P. Mészáros, D. Szécsi and P. Veres for the useful discussions and comments. We kindly thank to the anonymous referee for the useful suggestions which improved this manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge the use of the online BATSE Current Catalog and Spectral Catalog released by the BATSE team and National Space, Science, and Technology Center. Next, we acknowledge the use of the online data from the RHESSI instrument and gratefully thank to C. Wigger and W. Hajdas for providing us the RHESSI GRB analysis software. We also kindly thank to E. Bellm and D. Smith for providing us the off-axis RHESSI response matrices. This study was supported by Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) funding number 104-2811-M-002-160.

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  1. Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sect. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, ROC

    J. Řípa

  2. Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Astronomical Institute, Charles University in Prague, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic

    A. Mészáros

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Řípa, J., Mészáros, A. On the connection of gamma-ray bursts and X-ray flashes in the BATSE and RHESSI databases. Astrophys Space Sci 361, 370 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-016-2960-4

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