Abstract
Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) that traverse the heliosphere, in the energy range from several 100 MeV to a few GeV, are subjected to heliospheric modulation. GCRs interact with varying fields of the heliosphere to produce fluctuations in cosmic-ray intensity with variations in solar activity. The effects of modulation are continuously measured by the well-established world-wide neutron monitor network. Solar activity indices and cosmic-ray neutron monitor rates (at different cut-off rigidities) have been used to compare Fourier, Hilbert, and higher-order spectral (bispectral) features of GCR intensity variations at six stations for a period of nearly 50 years. The present study reveals that GCRs exhibit a number of short- and long-term periodicities that vary between 9 days and 22 years. The bispectral analysis shows the characteristic features of nonlinear coupling and complex phase relationships between various harmonics present in GCRs and solar activity proxies. We also offer possible explanations for the observed periodicities with the help of the previous findings.
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Acknowledgements
The authors express sincere gratitude for the valuable comments and suggestions of the anonymous referee, which have led to significant improvement in the quality of the manuscript. The authors are also thankful to the Bartol Research Institute for providing daily cosmic ray flux data and to the University of Oulu/Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory for providing hourly cosmic ray flux data. One of the authors, Sumesh Gopinath, acknowledges a junior research fellowship (Ac.EVI(4)/017465/2016) from the University of Kerala, Trivandrum.
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Vipindas, V., Gopinath, S. & Girish, T.E. Periodicity analysis of galactic cosmic rays using Fourier, Hilbert, and higher-order spectral methods. Astrophys Space Sci 361, 135 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-016-2719-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-016-2719-y