Abstract
Globally , Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND is the major disease outbreaks in Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp ponds and has reduced shrimp production, significantly. This study aimed to simulate the outbreak of Vibrio spp. by immersion infection at 106 CFU mL−1. After 7 days of immersion, the survived L. vannamei were then orally supplemented and treated with alginate, spirulina, and alginate + spirulina for 12 days to recover the innate immune and reduce mortality. The cellular compound, namely total hemocyte count and phagocytic activity and index, and the humoral compound, namely phenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase, were determined. The q-RT PCR was applied to measure the immune-related gene expression (ProPO, LGBP, and lectin type C). Challenged by VpAHPND intra-muscularly at 109 CFU mL−1 was the administered. After challenged, all survival rate of shrimps from supplemented diet treatments were better than control (22% ± 7.78) (p < 0.05). The best shrimp survival rate was reached at Alg 3.0 mg g−1 (50% ± 2.12) treatment. THC showed that all supplemented shrimps were significantly different (p < 0.05) from control. PA and PI parameters were not significantly (p < 0.05) different from the control. SOD activity showed that the effective treatments were SWE 5.0 µg g−1 and Alg 3.0 mg g−1 + SWE 5.0 µg g−1. Before IM VpAHPND injection at 109 CFU mL−1, PO and gene expression (ProPO and LGBP (lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan binding protein)) shrimps from Alg 3.0 mg g−1 treatment reached the best results significantly (p < 0.05) over others and all treatments decreased extremely after injection. After challenge, lectin type C gene expression was upregulated (p < 0.05) in all treatments, except control. This study shows that alginate has the ability to recover the L. vannamei survival and immune system in a dose-dependent manner.
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The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
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This work was supported by the Indonesian Government’s Ministry of Research and Higher Education (Grant numbers: 187–64/UN7.6.1/PP/2022) and the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University (Grant numbers: 247/UN7.5.https://doi.org/10.2/PP/2022).
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Nuril Azhar: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation; Ervia Yudiati: resources, writing original draft preparation, writing review and editing, visualization, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Azhar, N., Yudiati, E. Outbreak simulation of Litopenaeus vannamei recovery rate with oral alginate and spirulina diet supplementation against Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND. Aquacult Int 31, 1659–1676 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01050-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01050-6