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In vitro efficacy and tolerance of the essential oils of three species of the Lamiaceae family against monogeneans from the gills of Piaractus brachypomus from the Peruvian Amazon

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Abstract

This study investigated the in vitro efficacy of the essential oil of Minthostachys mollis, Origanum vulgare, and Salvia rosmarinus against monogeneans from the gills of Piaractus brachypomus and the tolerance of this fish to these oils. In vitro concentrations of M. mollis (80, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg L−1), O. vulgare, S. rosmarinus (80, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1500 mg L−1) and two control groups (one containing only water from the growing tank and the other water from the tank + 70% alcohol) were evaluated at different exposure times. The concentrations were prepared at a proportion of 1:10 w/v with 70% alcohol, and after the in vitro tests, tolerance tests were carried out on fish with these oils. In the in vitro test, essential oil from M. mollis, O. vulgare, and S. rosmarinus showed dose-dependent efficacy against Anacanthorus spathulatus, Anacanthorus penilabiatus, and Mymarothecium viatorum. However, M. mollis caused the mortality of monogeneans in a shorter exposure time. In the two control groups using water from the growing tank and water from the growing tank + alcohol, the monogeneans showed similar behavior during the 6 h of exposure. In the tolerance tests with 80 mg L−1 of essential oil from M. mollis, O. vulgare, and S. rosmarinus during 1 h of exposuse, it was observed that P. brachypomus showed irregular swimming and tolerance without causing death. Fish exposed to the other concentrations showed opercular acceleration, irregular swimming, lethargy, loss of mobility, and death after 1 h of exposure. Therefore, these essential oils can be tested in consecutive therapeutic baths at concentrations that have efficacy and exposure times less than sedation for the control and treatment of P. brachypomus monogeneans.

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Funding

This research was funded by Concytec—Banco Mundial “Mejoramiento y Ampliación de los Servicios del Sistema Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica” 8682-PE, through its executing unit ProCiencia (grant number 116–2018- FONDECYT-BM-IADT-SE) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brasil) through the productivity research grant awarded to Dr. M. Tavares-Dias (Grant No. 303013/2015–0).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Research the Peruvian Amazon (IIAP, AQUAREC), 17000, Puerto Maldonado, Peru

    Anai Flores Gonzales, Vanessa Mamani, Manuel Pereyra & Edwin Aguilar

  2. Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508–090, Brazil

    Patrick Delgado Mathews

  3. Embrapa Amapá, Macapá, AP, 68903-419, Brazil

    Marcos Tavares-Dias

  4. Postgraduate Program On Tropical Biodiversity (PPGBIO), Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP), Macapá, AP, 68903-419, Brazil

    Marcos Tavares-Dias

  5. Institute of Research the Peruvian Amazon (IIAP, AQUAREC), Iquitos, 16000, Peru

    Christian Fernández-Méndez

Authors
  1. Anai Flores Gonzales
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  2. Vanessa Mamani
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  3. Manuel Pereyra
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  4. Edwin Aguilar
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  6. Marcos Tavares-Dias
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  7. Christian Fernández-Méndez
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Contributions

Methodology, validation, conceptualization, research, manuscript writing, supervision, APFG; methodology, conceptualization, VM, MP, and EA; critical review of manuscript and conceptualization, PMD and MTD; methodology design, validation, manuscript review, funding acquisition, CFM. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anai Flores Gonzales.

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Ethics approval

Experimental procedures with animals were carried out in accordance with Peruvian legislation for animal protection and welfare in compliance with the protocol of the ethics committee for the use of animals in acts of experimentation, research, and teaching (30407/2016).

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Gonzales, A.F., Mamani, V., Pereyra, M. et al. In vitro efficacy and tolerance of the essential oils of three species of the Lamiaceae family against monogeneans from the gills of Piaractus brachypomus from the Peruvian Amazon. Aquacult Int 30, 2245–2261 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00900-z

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