Abstract
For preventing transmission of pathogens from broodstock fish to offspring, the non-hardened eggs are routinely disinfected with iodophore solution immediately after fertilization. In the present study, 25–50 mg l-1 Chloramine T® (active substance: tosylchloramide), 10–50 μl l-1 Wofasteril® (active substances: acetylhydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid) and 10–50 μl l-1 of a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution were tested for disinfection of non-hardened brown trout, Salmo trutta, eggs in comparison to 10 ml l-1 of an iodophore solution (Betaisodona®). Five different egg batches were used and the effect of disinfection on the percentage of eyed stage embryos (32 days post fertilization [dpf] at 9° C) and swim-up larvae (42 dpf), on bacteria, and fungus load (in 3 and 32 dpf embryos using different culture broths and qPCR), and on lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation (in 3 dpf embryos) was investigated. A 20-min treatment of non-hardened eggs with the 4 biocides in abovementioned concentrations had no negative effect on the percentage of eyed stage embryos (92–100% of the control) and normal shaped swim-up larvae (90–100% of the control). All tested treatments including Betaisodona caused oxidative stress to 3 dpf embryos, as they significantly increased the levels of protein carbonyls for 2- to 3-fold in comparison to non-disinfected controls. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances did not increase after 10 ml l-1 Betaisodona and 10 μl l-1 hydrogen peroxide treatment, but increased by 1.5- to 3-fold after all other treatments. All tested biocides significantly and persistently decreased the load with bacteria in comparison to non-disinfected controls for 25–99% depending on the disinfection treatment and bacteria species. 50 mg l-1 Chloramine T, 50 μl l-1 hydrogen peroxide solution, and 50 μl l-1 Wofasteril had up to 80% higher disinfection efficiency than 10 ml l-1 Betaisodona for specific species of bacteria. The oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica and the total bacteria load were persistently decreased neither with Chloramine T, Wofasteril, and hydrogen peroxide nor with Betaisodona. It is concluded that hydrogen peroxide, Wofasteril, and Chloramine T are at least similar efficient for disinfection of non-hardened eggs as iodophor solution. They are more economical as the effective concentrations are much lower.
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It is declared that all data and materials support their published claims and comply with field standards. Raw data can be made available on request of the Editors or Reviewers. From my side, it is not planned to make additional data available as all essential data are presented in the manuscript.
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The author is grateful to the team of the fish farm Kreuzstein for the care of experimental fish, embryos, and larvae and to Elias Lahnsteiner for assistance in laboratory works.
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Lahnsteiner, F. Effect of disinfection of non-hardened Salmo trutta eggs with Chloramine T®, Wofasteril®, and hydrogen peroxide on embryo and larvae viability, microorganism load, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation. Aquacult Int 29, 1949–1962 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00727-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00727-0